Fluid Mechanics
The study of fluids - liquids and gases. Involves velocity, pressure, density and temperature as functions of space and time
Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity Online Converter
Convert between dynamic or absolute viscosity units - Poiseuille, Poise, centPoise and more
Acetone - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of acetone at temperatures ranging from -95 to 275 °C (-138 to 530 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Acetone - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of acetone, also called 2-propanone, dimethyl ketone and pyroacetic acid. Phase diagram included.
Air - Composition and Molecular Weight
Dry air is a mechanical mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, argon and several other gases in minor amounts.
Air - Density and Specific Volume vs. Altitude
Density and specific volume of air varies with elevation above sea level.
Air - Density vs. Pressure and Temperatures
Air density at pressure ranging 1 to 10 000 bara (14.5 - 145000 psi) and constant selected temperatures.
Air - Density, Specific Weight and Thermal Expansion Coefficient vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density, specific weight and thermal expansion coefficients of air at temperatures ranging -100 to 1600 °C (-140 to 2900 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Air - Diffusion Coefficients of Gases in Excess of Air
Diffusion coefficients (D12) for gases in large excess of air at temperatures ranging 0 - 400 °C.
Air - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables with dynamic (absolute) and kinematic viscosity for air at temperatures ranging -100 to 1600°C (-150 to 2900°F) and at pressures ranging 1 to 10 000 bara (14.5 - 145000 psia) - SI and Imperial Units.
Air - Molecular Weight and Composition
Dry air is a mixture of gases where the average molecular weight (or molar mass) can be calculated by adding the weight of each component.
Air - Prandtl Number
Prandtl number for air vs. temperature and pressure.
Air - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
Properties of air change along the boiling and condensation curves (temperature and pressure between triple point and critical point conditions). An air phase diagram included.
Air - Specific Heat vs. Pressure and Constant Temperature
Figures and tables with isobaric (Cp) and isochoric (Cv) specific heat of air at constant temperature and pressure ranging 0.01 to 10000 bara
Air - Specific Heat vs. Temperature and Constant Pressure
Online calculator with figures and tables showing specific heat (Cp and Cv) of dry air vs. temperature and pressure. SI and imperial units.
Air - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator with figures and tables showing air thermal conductivity vs. temperature and pressure. SI and imperial units.
Air - Thermal Diffusivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables withdry air thermal diffusivity vs. temperarure and pressure. SI and Imperial units.
Air - Thermophysical Properties
Thermal properties of air at different temperatures - density, viscosity, critical temperature and pressure, triple point, enthalpi and entropi, thermal conductivity and diffusivity and more.
Air Duct Components and Minor Dynamic Loss Coefficients
Minor loss - pressure or head loss - coefficients for air duct distribution systems components
Ammonia - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic (absolute) and kinematic viscosity of gasous and liquid ammonia at temperatures ranging from -73 to 425°C (-100 to 800°F) at pressure ranging from 1 to 1000 bara (14.5 - 14500 psia) - SI and Imperial Units
Ammonia - Prandtl Number
Figures and table showing changes in Prandtl number for ammonia with changes in temperature and pressure
Ammonia - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
Figures and tables showing how the properties of liquid and gaseous ammonia changes along the boiling/condensation curve (temperature and pressure between triple point and critical point conditions). An ammonia phase diagram are included.
Ammonia - Specific Heat at varying Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing specific heat, CP and CV, of gasous and liquid ammonia at temperatures ranging from -73 to 425°C (-100 to 800°F) at pressure ranging from 1 to 100 bara (14.5 - 1450 psia) - SI and Imperial Units
Ammonia - Thermal Conductivity at Varying Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of liquid and gaseous ammonia at temperatures ranging -70 to 425 °C (-100 to 800 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Ammonia - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Ammonia. Phase diagram included.
Ammonia Gas - Density vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator with figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ammonia for temperatures ranging -50 to 425 °C (-50 to 800 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Archimedes' Law
Forces acting on a body submerged in a fluid
Argon - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of argon, Ar, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Average boiling point
Definition, explanation and examples of calculation of various types of average boiling point of petroleum products and other mixtures of hydrocarbons: VABP, MABP, WABP, CABP and MeABP
Average boiling point from gravity and molecular weight
Formulas and examples of calculation of boiling point of hydrocarbon mixtures from gravity and molecular weight
Baume's Hydrometer
Degree Baume converted to Specific Gravity
Benzene - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C6H6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 °C (42 to 620 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Benzene - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and table showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of benzene, C6H6, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Benzene - Thermophysical properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of benzene, also called benzol. Phase diagram included.
Bernoulli Equation
Conservation of energy - non-viscous, incompressible fluid in steady flow
Bulk Modulus and Fluid Elasticity
Introduction to - and definition of - Bulk Modulus Elasticity commonly used to characterize compressibility of fluids
Buoyancy
The resultant force acting on a submerged body
Butane - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculators, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of liquid and gaseous butane, C4H10, at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Butane - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculators, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of liquid and gaseous butane, C4H10, at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Butane - Specific Heat
Online calculators, figures and tables showing specific heat, Cp and Cv, of gasous and liquid butane, C4H10, at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Butane - Thermal Conductivity
Online calculators, figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of liquid and gaseous butane, C4H10, at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Capillarity
Capillarity - or capillary action - is the ability of a narrow tube to draw a liquid upwards against the force of gravity
Carbon dioxide - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of carbon dioxide, CO2, at temperatures ranging from -50 to 775 °C (-50 to 1400 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Carbon Dioxide - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and table showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of carbon dioxide, CO2, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Carbon dioxide - Prandtl Number
Figures and table showing changes in Prandtl number for carbon dioxide with changes in temperature and pressure
Carbon dioxide - Thermal Conductivity
Online calculator, figures and table showing thermal conductivity of carbon dioxide, CO2, at temperatures ranging from -50 to 775 °C (-50 to 1400 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Carbon Dioxide - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of carbon dioxide. Phase diagram included.
Carbon Dioxide Concentration in Rooms with People
The carbon dioxide concentration in a room can indicate air quality and ventilation system efficiency
Carbon Monoxide - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of carbon monoxide, CO, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Cauchy Number
Introduction to the Cauchy Number
Cavitation
Cavitation occurs in fluid flow systems where the local static pressure is below vapor pressure
Cavitation Number
An introduction to and a definition of the Cavitation Number
Center of Gravity and Buoyancy
Stability - center of gravity and center of buoyancy
Chezys Conduit Flow Equation
Volume flow and velcity in open conduits can be calculated with the Chezys equation
Colebrook Equation
Calculate friction loss coefficients in pipes, tubes and ducts
Compressible Gas Flow - Entropy
Calculating entropy in compressible gas flow
Compression and Expansion of Gases
Isothermal and isentropic gas compression and expansion processes
Conservation of Mass
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass can neither be created or destroyed
Darcy-Weisbach Pressure and Major Head Loss Equation
The Darcy-Weisbach equation can be used to calculate the major pressure or head loss due to friction in ducts, pipes or tubes
Density of Liquids vs. Pressure and Temperature Change
Density and specific volume of a liquid versus change in pressure and temperature
Density vs. Specific Weight and Specific Gravity
Introduction to density, specific weight and specific gravity.
Drag Coefficient
The drag coefficient of an object in a moving fluid influence drag force
Dynamic or Absolute Viscosity Converting Chart
Dynamic viscosity converting chart with units like Poiseuille - Poise - centiPoise and more
Dynamic Pressure
Dynamic pressure is the kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid
Dynamic Viscosity Common Liquids
Absolute - dynamic - viscosity for some common fluids
Energy and Hydraulic Grade Line
The hydraulic grade and the energy line are graphical presentations of the Bernoulli equation
Energy Equation - Pressure Head Loss in Ducts, Tubes and Pipes
Pressure and head loss in ducts, pipes and tubes
Entrance Length and Developed Flow
The entrance length is the length in a tube or duct after an obstruction - until the flow velocity profile is fully developed
Equation of Continuity
The Equation of Continuity is a statement of mass conservation
Equations in Fluid Mechanics
Commonly used equations in fluid mechanics - Bernoulli, conservation of energy, conservation of mass, pressure, Navier-Stokes, ideal gas law, Euler equations, Laplace equations, Darcy-Weisbach Equation and more
Equivalent Diameter
Convert rectangular and oval duct geometry to a equivalent circular diameter - online calculator with imperial and SI-units
Ethane - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ethane, C2H6, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Ethane - Thermal Conductivity
Online calculator, figures and table showing thermal conductivity of ethane, C2H6, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Ethanol - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of ethanol, C2H5OH, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Ethanol - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ethanol at temperatures ranging from -25 to 325 °C (-10 to 620 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Ethanol - Specific Heat, Cp and Cv
Online calculators, figures and tables showing specific heat , Cp and Cv, of gasous and liquid ethanol at temperatures ranging from -25 to 325 °C (-10 to 620 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Ethanol - Thermophysical properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of ethanol (also called alcohol or ethyl alcohol). Phase diagram included.
Ethylene - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ethylene, C2H4, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Ethylene - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of ethylene, C2H4, also called ethene or acetene, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Ethylene - Thermal Conductivity
Online calculator, figures and table showing thermal conductivity of ethylene, also called ethene or acetene, C2H4, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Ethylene - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of ethylene, also called ethene, acetene and olefiant gas. Phase diagram included.
Euler Equations
The behavior of ideal compressible gas can be described with Euler equations
Euler Number
Introduction to the Euler Number used in fluid mechanics
Flow Coefficient Cv versus Flow Factor Kv
Comparing flow coefficient Cv and flow factor Kv
Flow of Liquids from Containers - Volume Flow and Emptying Time Calculator
Liquid velocity, volume flow and draining time when emptying containers
Flow Section Channels - Geometric Relationships
Geometric relationships in flow channels - area, wetted perimeter and hydraulic diameter
Fluid Mechanics - Imperial and SI Units Dimensions
Imperial (USCS) and SI dimensions and units terminology in fluid mechanics
Friction Coefficient with Laminar Flow
Laminar flow and friction coefficient
Froude Number
Introduction to the Froude Number
Gas Mixture Properties
Special care must be taken for gas mixtures when using the ideal gas law, calculating the mass, the individual gas constant or the density
Hazen-Williams Coefficients
Hazen-Williams coefficients for piping materials
Hazen-Williams Equation - calculating Head Loss in Water Pipes
Friction head loss (ftH2O per 100 ft pipe) in water pipes can be estimated with the empirical Hazen-Williams equation
Helium - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of helium, He, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Hot Water Heating Systems - Steel Pipes Pressure Loss Nomogram
Steel pipes in hot water heating systems - pressure loss nomogram
Hydraulic Diameter
Hydraulic diameter of pipes and ducts
Hydrogen - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of hydrogen, H2, at temperatures ranging from -260 to 325 °C (-435 to 620 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Hydrogen - Thermal Conductivity
Online calculator, figures and table showing thermal conductivity of hydrogen, H2, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Hydrogen sulfide - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of hydrogen sulfide, H2S, also called hydrosulfuric acid, sewer gas and stink damp. Phase diagram included.
Hydrostatic Force acting on Submerged Surface
A thrust force will act on a submerged surface
Hydrostatic Pressure
Depth and hydrostatic pressure
Isentropic Flow
Constant entropy flow is called isentropic flow
Jet Discharge Propulsion
Propulsive force or thrust induced by an incompressible jet flow
Kinematic Viscosity - Online Converter
Convert between different kinematic viscosity units - centistokes, poise, lentor and more
Kinematic Viscosity Conversion Diagram
Convert between Centistokes, Saybolt and Redwood seconds
Laminar, Transitional or Turbulent Flow
When calculating heat transfer or pressure and head loss it is important to know if a fluid flow is laminar, transitional or turbulent
Laplace Equation
The Laplace equation is important in fluid dynamics describing the behavior of gravitational and fluid potentials
Lift and Drag
Body - like an airfoil - in fluid flow
Liquid Ammonia - Thermal Properties at Saturation Pressure
Density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, viscosity and Prandtls no. of liquid ammonia at its saturation pressure
Liquids - Kinematic Viscosities
Kinematic viscosities of common liquids like motor oil, diesel fuel, peanut oil and many more
Mach Number
Introduction to the Mach Number
Major Loss Online Calculator - the Darcy-Weisbach Friction Loss Equation
An online major loss calculator based on the Darcy-Weisbach friction loss equation. Energy (or head) loss is expressed in length units
Manning's Equation for Gravity Flow
Open channel slope area flow metering
Manning's Roughness Coefficients
Manning's roughness coefficients for common materials
Mass vs. Weight
Mass vs. weight - the Gravity Force.
Mechanical Energy and the Bernoulli Equation
The mechanical energy equation related to energy per unit mass, energy per unit volume and energy per unit weight involving head
Melting and Boiling Temperatures, Densities and Solubility for Inorganic Compounds in Water
Physical constants for more than 280 common inorganic compounds. Density is given for the actual state at 25°C and for liquid phase at melting point temperature.
Methane - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of methane, CH4, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Methane - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of methane, CH4, at temperatures ranging from -160 to 725 °C (-260 to 1300 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Methane - Prandtl number
Figures and table showing changes in Prandtl number for methane with changes in temperature and pressure
Methane - Thermal Conductivity
Online calculator, figures and table showing thermal conductivity of methane, CH4, at temperatures ranging from -160 to 725 °C (-260 to 1300 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Methane - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Methane - CH4. Phase diagram included.
Methanol - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of methanol,CH3OH, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Methanol - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of liquid methanol,CH3OH, at varying temperature - Imperial and SI Units
Methanol - Specific Heat
Online calculator, figures and tables showing isobaric and isochoric specific heat of methanol, CH3OH, at varying temperature - Imperial and SI Units
Methanol - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of methanol, CH3OH (also called carbinol, wood alcohol, hydroxy methyl and methyl alcohol). Phase diagram included.
Minor or Dynamic Loss Coefficients for Pipe or Tube System Components
Minor loss coefficients for commonly used components in pipe and tube systems
Minor Pressure Head Loss in Pipe and Duct Components - Equivalent Lengths
Minor pressure and head loss in pipes, tubes and duct systems
Mixing Fluids
Final mass and temperature when mixing fluids
Mixtures, Solutions and Suspensions
Mixtures vs. solutions vs. suspensions.
Molecular weight from average boiling point and gravity
Formula and examples of calculation of average molecular weight of hydrocarbon mixtures from gravity and average boiling point, achieved from distillation data.
Moody Diagram
A Moody diagram that can be used to estimate friction coefficients
Moody Friction Flow Factor
Online Moody friction flow factor calculator - as used in the Darcy-Weisbach major loss equation
Motor Oils - Dynamic Viscosity
Dynamic viscosities for motor oils SAE 10 to 50 - temperature range 0 - 100 deg C
Navier-Stokes Equations
The Navier-Stokes equations are the fundamental partial differentials equations used to describe incompressible fluid flows
Nitrogen - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of nitrogen, N2, at temperatures ranging from -175 to 1325 °C (-280 to 2400 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Nitrogen - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of nitrogen, N2, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Nitrogen - Prandtl number
Figures and tables showing Prandtl number of nitrogen at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Nitrogen - Thermal Conductivity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of nitrogen, N2, at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Nitrogen - Thermal Diffusivity
Figures and tables showing thermal diffusivity of nitrogen at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Nitrogen - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Nitrogen - N2
Non-ideal gas - Van der Waal's Equation and Constants
The van der Waals constants for more than 200 gases used to correct for non-ideal behavior of gases caused by intermolecular forces and the volume occupied by the gas particles.
Nozzles
Gas flow through nozzles - sonic chokes
Oil Viscosity Converter
Convert between common oil viscosity units
Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi Flow Rate Meters
The orifice, nozzle and venturi flow rate meters use the Bernoulli Equation to calculate fluid flow rate using pressure difference through obstructions in the flow
Oxygen - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of oxygen, O2, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Oxygen - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of oxygen, O2, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Pascal's Law and Hydraulic Force
Pascal's laws relates to pressures in fluids
Pentane - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of pentane, C5H12, at temperatures ranging from -130 to 325 °C (-200 to 620 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Pentane - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of pentane, also called n-pentane. Phase diagram included.
Pipe Fluid Flow Velocity
Calculate fluid flow and pipe velocities in pipes and tubes
Pipes - in Series or Parallel
Pressure loss in pipes connected in series or parallel
Poiseuille's Formula
The volume flow discharged through a smooth-walled circular pipe
Prandtl Number
The Prandtl Number is a dimensionless number approximating the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity
Pressure
Introduction to pressure - psi and Pa - online pressure units converter.
Pressure Coefficient
The ratio of pressure forces to inertial forces
Pressure Energy
Pressure energy in a incompressible fluid
Pressure Gradient Diagrams
A pressure gradient diagram is a graphical presentation of the static pressure throughout a fluid flow system
Pressure Units - Online Converter
Convert between pressure units like Pa, bar, atmosphere, pound square feet, psi and more.
Propane - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of propane, C3H8, at temperatures ranging from -187 to 725 °C (-305 to 1300 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Propane - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculators, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of liquid and gaseous propane at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Propane - Prandtl Number
Figures and tables showing Prandtl Number of liquid and gaseous propane at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Propane - Specific Heat
Online calculators, figures and tables showing specific heat, Cp and Cv, of gasous and liquid propane, C3H8, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Propane - Thermal Conductivity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of liquid and gaseous propane at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Propane - Thermal Diffusivity
Figures and tables showing thermal diffusivity of liquid and gaseous propane at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Pump Affinity Laws
Turbo machines affinity laws can be used to calculate volume capacity, head or power consumption in centrifugal pumps with changing speed or wheel diameters
Pumps, Compressors, Blowers and Fans
Comparing pumps, compressors, blowers and fans
Ratios of Specific Heat of Gases
Ratios of specific heat for gases in constant pressure and volume processes
Reynolds Number
Introduction and definition of the dimensionless Reynolds Number - online calculators
Solubility
The amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a solvent.
Solubility guidelines for ionic compounds in water
Guidelines or solubility rules to predict whether or not a given ionic compound is soluble in water at room temperature
Solubility product constants
The equilibrium constant, Ksp, for aqueous solutions of ionic compounds at 25°C.
Specific Work done by Turbo Machines - Pumps, Compressors and Fans
Specific work from pumps, fans, compressors and turbines
Speed of Sound Equations
Calculate the speed of sound (the sonic velocity) in gases, fluids or solids.
Static Pressure vs. Head
Static pressure and pressure head in fluids
Stokes' Formula
The force of viscosity acting on a smooth sphere
Strouhal Number
Introduction to the Strouhal Number
Surface Tension
Liquids surface tension - water, mercury, oils and more
Technical Terms in Fluid Mechanics
Some of the most commonly used technical terms in fluid mechanics
The Ideal Gas Law
The relationship between volume, pressure, temperature and quantity of a gas, including definition of gas density.
Toluene - Density and Specific Weight
Linear temperature expansion coefficients for aluminum, copper, glass, iron and other common materials
Toluene - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of toluene, also called methylbenzene, toluol and phenylmethane. Phase diagram included.
Total Head Loss in Pipe or Duct Systems
Major and minor loss in pipe, tubes and duct systems
U-Tube Manometer
The inclined and vertical u-tube manometers are inexpensive and common in the differential pressure measurement with flow meters like pitot tubes, orifices and nozzles
Universal and Individual Gas Constants
The Universal and Individual Gas Constants in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. Individual gas constants for the most common gases.
Velocity Pressure Head
Dynamic pressure and velocity head
Viscosity - Absolute (Dynamic) and Kinematic
Vicosity is a fluid's resistance to flow and can be valued as dynamic (absolute) or kinematic.
Viscosity Converting Chart
Convert between the viscosity units Centiposes, milliPascal, CentiStokes and SSU
Viscous Liquids - Friction Loss
Friction loss in steel pipes - for fluids with viscosities ranging 32 - 80000 SSU
Water - Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity
Absolute or dynamic viscosity of water in centipoises for temperatures between 32 - 200oF
Water - Boiling Points at Vacuum Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables giving the boiling temperatures of water in varying vacuum, SI and Imperial units.
Water - Dynamic (Absolute) and Kinematic Viscosity
Free online calculator - figures and tables with viscosity of water at temperatures ranging 0 to 360°C (32 to 675°F) - Imperial and SI Units.
Water - Prandtl Number
Figures and tables showing Prandtl Number of liquid and gaseous water at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Water - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
Figures and tables showing how the properties of water changes along the boiling/condensation curve (vapor pressure, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat, Prandtl number, thermal diffusivity, entropy and enthalpy).
Water - Speed of Sound
Speed of sound in water at temperatures ranging 32 - 212oF (0 - 100oC) - Imperial and SI units.
Water - Thermal Diffusivity
Figures and tables showing thermal diffusivity of liquid and gaseous water at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Water Control Valves - Kv Flow Coefficient Diagram
Kv diagram for sizing control valves
Water Flow in Tubes - Reynolds Number
Clean cold waterflow in pipes and the Reynolds number
Water vs. Steam - Critical and Triple Points
Critical point is where vapor and liquid are indistinguishable and triple point is where ice, water and vapor coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium
Weber Number
Introduction to the Weber Number
Wind Energy
Available wind energy
Wind Power
Power generated from the wind
Wind Shear
Wind slowed down at surface by trees and obstructions
Wind Turbine Power Calculator
Online wind turbine calculator