Gases and Compressed Air
Air, LNG, LPG and other common gas properties, pipeline capacities, sizing of relief valves
Compression Ratio - Compressed vs Free Air
The compression ratio is the ratio pressure of compressed air to pressure of free air
Air - Altitude, Density and Specific Volume
Density and the specific volume of air vary with elevation above sea level
Air - Composition and Molecular Weight
Dry air is a mechanical mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, argon and several other gases in minor amounts
Air - Density at varying pressure and constant temperatures
Figures and tables showing changes in air density at pressure varying from 1 to 10 000 bara (14.5 - 145000 psi) and constant, selected temperatures. Figures are given in different scales.
Air - Density, Specific Weight and Thermal Expansion Coefficient at Varying Temperature and Constant Pressures
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density, specific weight and thermal expansion coefficient of air at temperatures ranging -100 to 1600 °C (-140 to 2900 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Air - Diffusion Coefficients of Gases in Excess of Air
Diffusion coefficients, D12, for gases in large excess of air at temperature varying from 0 - 400 °C
Air - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic (absolute) and kinematic viscosity of air at temperatures ranging from -100 to 1600°C (-150 to 2900°F) at pressure ranging from 1 to 10 000 bara (14.5 - 145000 psia) - SI and Imperial Units
Air - Molecular Weight and Composition
Dry air is a mixture of gases where the average molecular weight (or molar mass) can be calculated by adding the weight of each component
Air - Prandtl Number
Figures and table showing changes in Prandtl number for air with changes in temperature and pressure
Air - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
Figures and tables showing how the properties of air changes along the boiling and condensation curves (temperature and pressure between triple point and critical point conditions). An air phase diagram are also given.
Air - Specific Heat at Constant Pressure and Varying Temperature
Online calculator, figures and tables showing how specific heat (Cp and Cv) of dry air vary with temperature at different pressures, SI and imperial units
Air - Specific Heat at Constant Temperature and Varying Pressure
Figures and table showing isobaric (Cp) and isochoric (Cv) specific heat of air at constant temperature and varying pressure ranging 0.01 to 10000 bara
Air - Temperature and Volume
Air temperature and volume correction compared to Normal Air Conditions
Air - Thermal Conductivity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing air thermal conductivity at varying temperature and pressure, SI and imperial units.
Air - Thermal Diffusivity
Figures and tables showing dry air thermal diffusivity at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Air - Thermophysical Properties
Thermal properties of air - density, viscosity, critical temperature and pressure, triple point, enthalpi and entropi, thermal conductivity and diffusicity, and more
Air Compressors - Maximum Air Flow at Inlet Pipes
Inlet pipe size and maximum air flow
Air Compressors - Yearly Power Costs
Yearly power costs for operating an air compressor
Air Discharge through Hose
Discharging air volume through hoses at pressures ranging 30 - 90 psi
Air Properties - Imperial Units
Thermodynamic properties of air at low pressures - imperial units
Air Tools and Air Consumption
Average air volume requirement
Ammonia - Density at Varying Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ammonia at temperatures ranging -50 to 425 °C (-50 to 800 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
ASTM B819 - Seamless Copper Tube for Medical Gas Systems - Dimensions
Copper tube dimensions used for medical gases
Boyle's Law (Mariotte's Law)
Perfect gas and Boyle's law
Charles' Law
A perfect gas - volume and temperature
Classification of Gases
Oxidizers, Inert and Flammable gases
Compressed Air - Air Flow and Recommended Pipe Size
Pipe line sizing compressed air
Compressed Air - Glossary of Terms
A glossary of terms commonly used for compressed air
Compressed Air - Hose Friction
Pressure loss in air hoses at various pressure
Compressed Air - Laboratories
Required supply of compressed air to laboratories
Compressed Air - Pressure Drop Diagrams in Metric Units
Pressure drop in compressed air pipe lines
Compressed Air - Pressure Loss in Pipe Lines - Online Calculator with Metric and Imperial Units
Calculate pressure drop in compressed air pipe lines - metric and imperial units
Compressed Air and Water Content
Saturation pressure and maximum water content in compressed air
Compressed Air Pipe Line Capacity
Capacities of compressed air pipelines - applied pressure ranging 5 - 250 psi (0.5 - 17 bar)
Compressed Air Pipe Lines - Pressure Loss
Pressure drop in compressed air pipe lines
Compressed Air Pipe Lines - Recommended Sizes
Air pipe lines at pressure 100 psi
Compressed Air Pipes - Fittings and Pressure Drops
Fittings in compressed air pipe lines - equivalent length pressure drop
Compressed Air Piping and Pressure Drop Diagrams - Imperial Units
Pressure drop in compressed air pipelines - applied pressure 50, 100 and 150 psi
Compressed Air Pressure Drop Diagram
Pressure drop in compressed air pipe lines - nomograph diagram
Compressed Air Quality
Compressed air is used for power tools, instrumentation, processing and for breathing
Compressed Air Receivers
Calculating air receivers
Compressed Gas or Air - Storage Volume
Calculate the storage volume of compressed gas or air
Control Valve Sizing Calculator - Gases
An online control valve - Cv - calculator for gases
Critical Temperatures and Pressures for some Common Substances
Critical temperatures and pressures for some common substances - air, alcohol, ether, oxygen and more
Dalton's Law
Gibbs'-Dalton's law of partial pressure
Density of Moist Humid Air
Density of dry air and water vapor - moist or humid air
EN 1057 - Copper tubes for water and gas in sanitary and heating applications - Dimensions
Dimensions of EN 1075 Copper and copper alloys - Seamless, round copper tubes for water and gas in sanitary and heating applications
EN 12735 - Seamless, round copper tubes for air conditioning and refrigeration - Dimensions
Seamless, round copper tubes for air conditioning and refrigeration piping systems
EN 13348 - Seamless, round copper tubes for medical gases or vacuum - Dimensions
Copper and copper alloys. Seamless, round copper tubes for medical gases or vacuum
Gas Data
Online database with gas properties
Gas Marks - Cookers and Temperature
Gas marks on gas ovens and the heat or temperature developed
Gas Mixtures and Properties
Special care must be taken for gas mixtures when using the ideal gas law, calculating the mass, the individual gas constant or the density
Gas Pipes - Approved Materials
Materials approved for gas pipes
Gas Vent Termination - Clearance Tolerances
Clearance tolerance per roof slope for gas vent terminations - vent caps
Gases - Density
Densities and molecular weights of some common gases - acetylene, air, methane, nitrogen, oxygen and others ..
Gases - Explosion and Flammability Concentration Limits
Flame and explosion limits for gases - propane, methane, butane, acetylene and more
Gases - Specific Gravities
Specific gravity of air, ammonia, butadiene, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and some other common gases
Horsepower required to Compress Air
Online air compressor horsepower calculator
House Gas Pipe - Capacity
Carrying capacity of house gas pipes - in imperial and metric units
Ideal Gas Law
The relations between volume, pressure, temperature and quantity of a gas, including definition of density of a gas.
Ideal Gas Properties Carbon Dioxide
Enthalpy, Entropy and Internal Energy of Carbon Dioxide
Liquefied Natural Gas - LNG
LNG or Liquefied Natural Gas
Liquefied Petroleum Gas - LPG
LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Low Pressure Gas Pipe Sizing
Apartments gas pipe service lines
LP Gas Properties
Liquefied Petroleum - LP - gas properties
LPG Tanks - Relief Valves
Required capacities of relief valves on LPG vaporizers and tanks
Medical Gas Piping
Piping systems for medical gases
Methane - Convert between Liquid and Gaseous Units
Convert between liquid and gaseous unit for LNG or Methane
Natural Gas - Demand with Multiple Apartments
Multiple apartments and natural gas diversity and demand
Natural Gas - Pipe Sizing
Sizing low pressure natural gas pipe lines - imperial units
Natural Gas - Pipe Sizing
Sizing pipes for natural gas - pressures above 5 psi (35 kPa)
Natural Gas - Pipe Sizing
Sizing low pressure natural gas pipe lines - Metric values
Natural Gas - Pipe Sizing Calculator
Calculate the capacities and dimensions of natural gas pipe lines
Natural Gas Consumption
Natural gas consumption for common equipment - like boiling pans, ovens, cookers, kettles and more
Natural Gas Consumption - Laboratory Diversity
Use of natural gas in laboratory outlets
Natural Gas Glossary
Natural gas is used extensively in residential, commercial and industrial applications
Natural Gas Meters - Capacities
Different types of natural gas meters and their capacities
Natural Gas Pipes and Minimum Cover
Burial dept and minimum cover of underground natural gas pipes
Nitrogen - Enthalpy, Internal Energy and Entropy
Enthalpy, internal energy and entropy of Nitrogen as ideal gas
Non-ideal gas - Van der Waals equation and constants
Listing of van der Waals constants for more than 200 gases, used to correct for non-ideal behavior of gases caused by intermolecular forces and the volume occupied by the gas particles
Orifices - Air Discharge
Discharging air volume through nozzles
Orifices - Capacities with Natural Gas
Natural gas capacities for orifices
Oxygen - Enthalpy, Internal Energy and Entropy
Enthalpy, internal energy and entropy of oxygen as ideal gas
Pascal's Laws
Pascal's laws relates to pressures in fluids
Pneumatic Cylinder Velocity
Calculating pneumatic cylinder velocity
Pneumatic Cylinders - Force Exerted
Pneumatic air cylinders - air pressure and force exerted calculator
Pressure
Introduction to pressure - psi and Pa - online pressure units converter
Pressure Converter
Convert from kPa to psi and inches of Water and Mercury
Propane - Latent Heat of Vaporization
Latent heat when propane vaporize
Propane Air Mixture
Energy content and specific gravity of propane air mixtures
Propane Butane Mixures - Evaporation Pressures
Evaporation pressures of propane butane mixtures
Propane Gas - Pipe Sizing
Sizing low pressure propane gas pipe lines - Imperial units
Propane Gas - Pipe Sizing
Sizing low pressure propane gas pipe lines - Metric units
Propane Gas - Pipe Sizing
Sizing propane gas pipe lines - for pressures above 5 psig (35 kPa)
Pumps, Compressors, Blowers and Fans
Comparing pumps, compressors, blowers and fans
Rating of Air Compressors and Air Equipment
Common terms rating air flow capacity are ICFM, FAD, ANR, SCFM or nl/min
Relief Valves - Length of Vent Lines
Calculating length of safety valves vent pipes
Safety Relief Valve Capacity
Maximum free air relief capacity of safety valves
Safety Valves in Gas and Vapor Systems
Calculate relief valves in gas and vapor systems
SCFM versus ACFM and ICFM
Actual air compressor capacity (ACFM) versus standard air capacity (SCFM) and inlet air capacity (ICFM)
Single Acting Pneumatic Pistons - Air Consumption
Air volume used by single-acting pistons
Specific Heat Ratio of Air
Specific Heat Ratio of air at temperatures from -40 - 1000oC (-40 - 1500oF) at standard atmospheric pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Speed of Sound in Air
Speed of sound in air at temperatures from -40 to 1000oC (-40 to 1500oF) at standard atmospheric pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Steam and Vapor Enthalpy
Introduction and definition of vapor and steam enthalpy - specific enthalpy of saturated liquid, saturated vapor and superheated vapor
Types of Air Compressors
Reciprocating, rotary screw and rotary centrifugal air compressors
Universal and Individual Gas Constants
The Universal and Individual Gas Constants in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. Individual gas constant is given for the most common gases.
Vacuum
Vacuum is defined as air pressure below atmospheric pressure
Vacuum - Evacuation Time
Vacuum pumps - calculating flow rate and required evacuation time
Vacuum - Expansion Air Ratio
Convert vacuum air volume to standard air volume
Vacuum and Measurement of Flow
Measuring volume flow in vacuum
Vacuum Pipe Lines - Pressure Drops
Vacuum pipes and pressure drops
Vacuum Pipes - Velocities
Vacuum pipes - air velocity diagrams
Vacuum Pressure - Units Converter
Vacuum converting units - % vacuum - mm Mercury - psi - torr - micron - kPa
Vacuum Pumps - Exhaust Pipes
Capacities of vacuum pump exhaust pipes
Vapor and Steam
Introduction to vapor and steam
Vapor Pressure common Liquids
Vapor and saturation pressure for some common liquids