Gases and Compressed Air
Air, LNG, LPG and other common gas properties, pipeline capacities, sizing of relief valves
Compression Ratio - Compressed Air vs. Free Air
The compression ratio is the ratio pressure of compressed air to pressure of free air
Air - Composition and Molecular Weight
Dry air is a mechanical mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, argon and several other gases in minor amounts.
Air - Density and Specific Volume vs. Altitude
Density and specific volume of air varies with elevation above sea level.
Air - Density vs. Pressure and Temperatures
Air density at pressure ranging 1 to 10 000 bara (14.5 - 145000 psi) and constant selected temperatures.
Air - Density, Specific Weight and Thermal Expansion Coefficient vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density, specific weight and thermal expansion coefficients of air at temperatures ranging -100 to 1600 °C (-140 to 2900 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Air - Diffusion Coefficients of Gases in Excess of Air
Diffusion coefficients (D12) for gases in large excess of air at temperatures ranging 0 - 400 °C.
Air - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables with dynamic (absolute) and kinematic viscosity for air at temperatures ranging -100 to 1600°C (-150 to 2900°F) and at pressures ranging 1 to 10 000 bara (14.5 - 145000 psia) - SI and Imperial Units.
Air - Molecular Weight and Composition
Dry air is a mixture of gases where the average molecular weight (or molar mass) can be calculated by adding the weight of each component.
Air - Prandtl Number
Prandtl number for air vs. temperature and pressure.
Air - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
Properties of air change along the boiling and condensation curves (temperature and pressure between triple point and critical point conditions). An air phase diagram included.
Air - Specific Heat vs. Pressure and Constant Temperature
Figures and tables with isobaric (Cp) and isochoric (Cv) specific heat of air at constant temperature and pressure ranging 0.01 to 10000 bara
Air - Specific Heat vs. Temperature and Constant Pressure
Online calculator with figures and tables showing specific heat (Cp and Cv) of dry air vs. temperature and pressure. SI and imperial units.
Air - Speed of Sound
Speed of sound in air at standard atmospheric pressure with temperatures ranging -40 to 1000oC (-40 to 1500oF) - Imperial and SI Units.
Air - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator with figures and tables showing air thermal conductivity vs. temperature and pressure. SI and imperial units.
Air - Thermal Diffusivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables withdry air thermal diffusivity vs. temperarure and pressure. SI and Imperial units.
Air - Thermophysical Properties
Thermal properties of air at different temperatures - density, viscosity, critical temperature and pressure, triple point, enthalpi and entropi, thermal conductivity and diffusivity and more.
Air - Volume vs. Temperature
Air volume vs. temperature correction factor compared to Normal Air Conditions
Air Compressor Power Cost per Year
Yearly power cost for operating an air compressor
Air Compressors - Maximum Air Flow at Inlet Pipes
Inlet pipe size and maximum air flow
Air Discharge through Hoses
Discharging air volume through hoses at pressures ranging 30 - 90 psi
Air Properties - Imperial Units
Thermodynamic properties of air at low pressures - imperial units
Air Specific Heat Ratio
Specific Heat Ratio of air at temperatures from -40 - 1000oC (-40 - 1500oF) at standard atmospheric pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Air Tools and Air Consumption
Average air volume requirement
Ammonia Gas - Density vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator with figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ammonia for temperatures ranging -50 to 425 °C (-50 to 800 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
ASTM B819 - Seamless Copper Tube for Medical Gas Systems - Dimensions
Copper tube dimensions used for medical gases
Boyle's Law (Mariotte's Law)
Perfect gas and Boyle's law
Charles' Law
A perfect gas - volume and temperature
Classification of Gases
Oxidizers vs. inert vs. flammable gases.
Compressed Air - Air Flow and Recommended Pipe Size
Pipe line sizing compressed air
Compressed Air - Glossary of Terms
A glossary of terms commonly used for compressed air
Compressed Air - Hose Friction Loss
Pressure loss in air hoses at various pressure
Compressed Air - Laboratory Consumption
Required supply of compressed air to laboratories
Compressed Air - Pipe Line Pressure Loss - Online Calculator with Metric and Imperial Units
Calculate pressure drop in compressed air pipe lines - metric and imperial units
Compressed Air - Pipeline Pressure Drop Diagram
Pressure drop in compressed air pipe lines - nomograph diagram
Compressed Air - Recommended Size Pipe Line
Air pipe lines at pressure 100 psi
Compressed Air - Water Content
Saturation pressure and maximum water content in compressed air.
Compressed Air Pipe Line Capacity
Capacities of compressed air pipelines - applied pressure ranging 5 - 250 psi (0.5 - 17 bar)
Compressed Air Pipe Lines - Pressure Loss
Pressure drop in compressed air pipe lines
Compressed Air Pipes - Fittings and Pressure Drops
Fittings in compressed air pipe lines - equivalent length pressure drop
Compressed Air Piping and Pressure Drop Diagrams - Imperial Units
Pressure drop in compressed air pipelines - applied pressure 50, 100 and 150 psi
Compressed Air Pressure Drop Diagrams - Metric Units
Pressure drop in compressed air pipe lines
Compressed Air Quality
Compressed air is used for power tools, instrumentation, processing and for breathing
Compressed Air Receivers
Calculating air receivers
Compressed Gas or Air - Storage Volume
Calculate the storage volume of compressed gas or air
Control Valve Sizing Calculator - Gases
An online control valve - Cv - calculator for gases
Critical Temperatures and Pressures for some Common Substances
Critical temperatures and pressures for some common substances - air, alcohol, ether, oxygen and more
Dalton's Law
Gibbs'-Dalton's law of partial pressure
EN 1057 - Copper tubes for water and gas in sanitary and heating applications - Dimensions
Dimensions of EN 1057 Copper and copper alloys - Seamless, round copper tubes for water and gas in sanitary and heating applications
EN 12735 - Seamless, round copper tubes for air conditioning and refrigeration - Dimensions
Seamless, round copper tubes for air conditioning and refrigeration piping systems
EN 13348 - Seamless, round copper tubes for medical gases or vacuum - Dimensions
Copper and copper alloys. Seamless, round copper tubes for medical gases or vacuum
Gas Data
Online database with gas properties
Gas Densities
Densities and molecular weights of some common gases - acetylene, air, methane, nitrogen, oxygen and others ..
Gas Marks - Cookers and Temperature
Gas marks on gas ovens and the heat or temperature developed
Gas Mixture Properties
Special care must be taken for gas mixtures when using the ideal gas law, calculating the mass, the individual gas constant or the density
Gas Pipes - Approved Materials
Materials approved for gas pipes
Gas Vent Termination - Clearance Tolerances
Clearance tolerance per roof slope for gas vent terminations - vent caps
Gases - Explosion and Flammability Concentration Limits
Flame and explosion limits for gases like propane, methane, butane, acetylene and more.
Gases - Specific Gravities
Specific gravity of air, ammonia, butadiene, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and some other common gases
Horsepower required to Compress Air
Online air compressor horsepower calculator
House Gas Pipe Capacity
Carrying capacity of house gas pipes - in imperial and metric units
Ideal Properties of Carbon Dioxide Gas
Enthalpy, Entropy and Internal Energy of Carbon Dioxide gas
LNG - Liquefied Natural Gas
LNG or Liquefied Natural Gas.
Low Pressure Gas Pipe Sizing
Apartments gas pipe service lines
LP Gas Properties
Liquefied Petroleum - LP - gas properties
LPG - Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
LPG Tanks - Required Relief Valve Capacities
Required capacities of relief valves on LPG vaporizers and tanks
Medical Gas Piping
Piping systems for medical gases
Methane - Liquid vs. Gaseous Units
Convert between liquid and gaseous LNG and Methane units.
Moist Air - Density vs. Water Content and Temperature
Density of the mix of dry air and water vapor - moist humid air.
Natural Gas - Low Pressure Pipe Sizing
Sizing low pressure natural gas pipe lines - imperial units
Natural Gas - Low Pressure Pipe Sizing
Sizing low pressure natural gas pipe lines - Metric values
Natural Gas - Pipe Sizing
Sizing pipes for natural gas - pressures above 5 psi (35 kPa)
Natural Gas - Pipe Sizing Calculator
Calculate the capacities and dimensions of natural gas pipe lines
Natural Gas Consumption
Natural gas consumption for equipment like boiling pans, ovens, cookers, kettles and more.
Natural Gas Consumption - Laboratory Diversity
Use of natural gas in laboratory outlets
Natural Gas Consumption in Multiple Apartments
Multiple apartments and natural gas diversity and demand
Natural Gas Glossary
Natural gas is used extensively in residential, commercial and industrial applications
Natural Gas Meters - Capacities
Different types of natural gas meters and their capacities
Natural Gas Pipes and Minimum Cover
Burial dept and minimum cover of underground natural gas pipes
Nitrogen - Enthalpy, Internal Energy and Entropy
Enthalpy, internal energy and entropy of Nitrogen as ideal gas
Non-ideal gas - Van der Waal's Equation and Constants
The van der Waals constants for more than 200 gases used to correct for non-ideal behavior of gases caused by intermolecular forces and the volume occupied by the gas particles.
Orifices - Air Discharge
Discharging air volume through nozzles
Orifices - Capacities with Natural Gas
Natural gas capacities for orifices
Oxygen - Enthalpy, Internal Energy and Entropy
Enthalpy, internal energy and entropy of oxygen as ideal gas
Pascal's Law and Hydraulic Force
Pascal's laws relates to pressures in fluids
Pneumatic Cylinder Velocity
Calculating pneumatic cylinder velocity
Pneumatic Cylinders - Force Exerted
Pneumatic air cylinders - air pressure and force exerted calculator
Pressure
Introduction to pressure - psi and Pa - online pressure units converter.
Pressure Units Converter
Convert from kPa to psi and inches of Water and Mercury
Propane - Latent Heat of Vaporization
Latent heat when propane vaporize
Propane Air Mixture
Energy content and specific gravity of propane air mixtures
Propane Butane Mix - Evaporation Pressure
Evaporation pressure for propane butane mix vs. temperature
Propane Gas Pipe Sizing
Sizing low pressure propane gas pipe lines - Imperial units
Propane Gas Pipe Sizing
Sizing propane gas pipe lines - for pressures above 5 psig (35 kPa)
Pumps, Compressors, Blowers and Fans
Comparing pumps, compressors, blowers and fans
Rating of Air Compressors and Air Equipment
Common terms rating air flow capacity are ICFM, FAD, ANR, SCFM or nl/min
Relief Valves - Length of Vent Lines
Calculating length of safety valves vent pipes
Safety Relief Valve Capacities
Maximum free air relief capacity of safety valves
Safety Valves in Gas and Vapor Systems
Calculate relief valves in gas and vapor systems
SCFM versus ACFM and ICFM
Actual air compressor capacity (ACFM) versus standard air capacity (SCFM) and inlet air capacity (ICFM)
Single Acting Pneumatic Pistons - Air Consumption
Air volume used by single-acting pistons
Sizing Propane Gas Pipe Lines
Sizing low pressure propane gas pipe lines - Metric units
Steam and Vapor Enthalpy
Introduction and definition of vapor and steam enthalpy - specific enthalpy of saturated liquid, saturated vapor and superheated vapor
The Ideal Gas Law
The relationship between volume, pressure, temperature and quantity of a gas, including definition of gas density.
Types of Air Compressors
Reciprocating, rotary screw and rotary centrifugal air compressors
Universal and Individual Gas Constants
The Universal and Individual Gas Constants in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. Individual gas constants for the most common gases.
Vacuum
Vacuum is defined as air pressure below atmospheric pressure
Vacuum - Air Expansion Ratio
Convert vacuum air volume to standard air volume
Vacuum - Evacuation Time
Vacuum pumps - calculating flow rate and required evacuation time
Vacuum and Measurement of Flow
Measuring volume flow in vacuum
Vacuum Pipe Lines - Pressure Drops
Vacuum pipes and pressure drops
Vacuum Pipes - Velocities
Vacuum pipes - air velocity diagrams
Vacuum Pressure Units Converter
Vacuum converting units - % vacuum - mm Mercury - psi - torr - micron - kPa
Vacuum Pumps - Exhaust Pipes
Capacities of vacuum pump exhaust pipes
Vapor and Steam
Introduction to vapor and steam
Vapor Pressures common Liquids
Vapor and saturation pressure for some common liquids