Petroleum Products - Average Boiling Points
Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas
A mixture of different compounds boils over a certain range of temperature, reflecting the boiling point of each specific compound present in the mixture. For many purposes, it is suitably to calculate an average boiling point (ABP) of mixtures.
Then, the boiling point of each compound is weighted with regard to the fraction of the compound compared to the whole blend. There are several types of fractions that can be calculated: The mole fraction, the weight fraction and the volume fraction, and the type of fraction must be specified when the term average boiling point is used. There is also a cubic average boiling temperature and a mean average boiling temperature. The definitions of each type of average boiling point are given by the formulas:
See also Average boiling point from gravity and molecular weight
Example: "Gasoline" mixture
Gasoline consists of branched paraffins, cycloparaffins and aromatics with carbon numbers typically from C4 to C12.
A "simple" gasoline could then contain a mixture of iso-pentane, 3-methylpentane, iso-octane, meta-xylene and hexylcyclohexane. The table below shows calculations of the different kinds of average boiling points of a mixture containing the given volume fractions of the five compounds
For full table - rotate the screen!
| Compound | Molweight | Density@15°C | Boiling point | Xvol | #mol | Xmol | Weight | Xw |
| g/mol | g/cm3 | °C | cm3/cm3 | mol | mol/mol | g | g/g | |
| Iso-pentane | 72.2 | 0.620 | 28 | 0.1 | 0.00086 | 0.13 | 0.062 | 0.084 |
| 3-methylpentane | 86.2 | 0.660 | 63 | 0.2 | 0.00153 | 0.23 | 0.132 | 0.180 |
| Iso-octane | 114.2 | 0.690 | 99 | 0.3 | 0.00181 | 0.27 | 0.207 | 0.282 |
| Meta-xylene | 106.2 | 0.860 | 139 | 0.2 | 0.00162 | 0.24 | 0.172 | 0.234 |
| Hexylcyclohexane | 168.3 | 0.808 | 225 | 0.2 | 0.00096 | 0.14 | 0.162 | 0.220 |
| MABP, °C | WABP, °C | VABP, °C | CABP, °C | MeABP, °C | ||||
| 109.3 | 123.6 | 117.9 | 106.5 | 107.9 | ||||
It can be seen that the WABP is biased against the densest components, while the MABP is biast against the lightest components.
However, a real gasoline contains hundreds of different compounds with individual properties, and a similar calculation is not possible to performe due to the complexity and lack of precise analytical tools.
The way to get past this restriction is to use a distillation curve obtained using a real distillation, as ASTM D86, or a gas chromatographic analysis, as ASTM D2887, to calculate VABP or WABP and then, use agreed correction factors to find the other kinds of ABPs.
The table below shows results from a D86 and a D2887 analysis of a naphtha sample, and the calculated VABP and WABP and the slopes for the distillation curves, using the formulas:
VABP = 0.2*(T10% + T30% + T50% + T70% + T90%) from D86
WABP = 0.2*(T10% + T30% + T50% + T70% + T90%) from D2887
Slope = (T90% - T10%)/80
| Fraction of sample recovered | D86 | D2887 | ||
| Vol% (D86) or Wt% (D2887) | °C | °F | °C | °F |
| IBP | 121 | 85 | ||
| 5 | 129 | 104 | ||
| 10 | 132 | 115 | ||
| 20 | 134 | 123 | ||
| 30 | 136 | 129 | ||
| 50 | 143 | 144 | ||
| 70 | 153 | 160 | ||
| 80 | 157 | 167 | ||
| 90 | 163 | 176 | ||
| FBP | 183 | 197 | ||
| VABP | 145 | 294 | ||
| WABP | 145 | 293 | ||
| Slope, °C/% recovered | 0.39 | 0.76 | ||
| Slope, °F/% recovered | 0.70 | 1.37 | ||
Correction factors are found by using the figures below. Note! The figures are using °C or °F, and results from D86.
The narrower the cut of the oil fraction (smaller slope), the smaller is the correction.
The figures show that the correction from a VABP of 294°F to MABP is -6°F for a sample with a slope of 0.7°F/% recovered. That gives a MABP of 288°F.
The correction from a VABP of 294°F to CABP is only -1.5°F for a sample with a slope of 0.7°F/% recovered. (To see more detailes, right hand click on the figure and choose view image)
Related Topics
• Boiling Points
Boiling points of elements, products and chemical species at varying conditions.
• Fluid Mechanics
The study of fluids - liquids and gases. Involving velocity, pressure, density and temperature as functions of space and time.
• Material Properties
Material properties of gases, fluids and solids - densities, specific heats, viscosities and more.
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