p 2 = 0.1 (MN/m 2 , 10 6 Pa)
A 2 / A 1 = 0.01
h = 10 (m)
can be calculated as
V 2 = ( (2 / (1 - (0.01) 2 ) ((0.2 10 6 N/m 2 ) - (0.1 10 6 N/m 2 )) / (1000 kg/m 3 ) + (9.81 m/s 2 ) (10 m))) 1/2
= 19.9 m/s
When fluid flows through a reduction valve and the pressure is reduced - there is an energy loss. By neglecting the change in elevation (h 1 = h 2 ) and the change in fluid velocity (v 1 = v 2 ) the pressure energy before the valve and the pressure energy after the valve including the energy loss through the valve - is constant. The Bernouilli equation can be modified to
p 1 / ρ = p 2 / ρ + E loss (8)
where
E loss = energy loss through valve (J)
(8) can be transformed to:
E loss = ( p 1 - p 2 ) / ρ (8b)
Flow metering principles - Orifice, Venturi, Flow Nozzles, Pitot Tubes, Target, Variable Area, Positive Displacement, Turbine, Vortex, Electromagnetic, Ultrasonic Doppler, Ultrasonic Time-of-travel, Mass Coriolis, Mass Thermal, Weir V-notch, Flume Parshall and Sluice Gate flow meters and more.
The study of fluids - liquids and gases. Involving velocity, pressure, density and temperature as functions of space and time.
Energy is the capacity to do work.
The hydraulic grade line and the energy line are graphical presentations of the Bernoulli equation.
Equations used in fluid mechanics - like Bernoulli, conservation of energy, conservation of mass, pressure, Navier-Stokes, ideal gas law, Euler equations, Laplace equations, Darcy-Weisbach Equation and more.
The Equation of Continuity is a statement of mass conservation.
An introduction to the different types of fluid flowmeters - Orifices, Venturies, Nozzles, Rotameters, Pitot Tubes, Calorimetrics, Turbine, Vortex, Electromagnetic, Doppler, Ultrasonic, Thermal, Coriolis.
Calculate liquid velocity, volume flow and draining time when emptying a container.
The Mechanical Energy Equation compared to the Extended Bernoulli Equation.
Pitot tubes can be used to measure fluid flow velocities by measuring the difference between static and dynamic pressure in the flow.
Sluice gates can be used to control and measure volume flow rates in open channels and rivers, mainly in connection to hydro power plants.
Steam flow through orifices - for steam pressures ranging 2 - 300 psi
Steam leaks through orifices for pressures ranging 250 - 600 psi
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