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Liquids - Densities vs. Pressure and Temperature Change

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The density of a liquid will change with temperature and pressure. The density of water versus temperature and pressure is indicated below:


See also Water - Density, Specific Weight and Thermal Expantion Coefficient , for online calculator, figures and tables showing changes with temperature.

Density

The density of a liquid can be expressed as

ρ = m / V                                (1)

where

ρ = density of liquid (kg/m3 )

m = mass of the liquid (kg)

V = volume of the liquid (m3 )

The inverse of density is specific volume:

v = 1 / ρ

= V / m                             (2)

where

v = specific volume (m3 /kg)

Volume and change in Temperature

When temperature increases -  most liquids expands:

dV = V 1 - V 0

= V 0 β dt

= V 0 β (t 1 - t 0 )                               (3)

where

dV = V 1 - V 0 = change in volume - difference between final and initial volume (m3 )

β = volumetric temperature expansion coefficient (m3 /m 3 o C)

dt = t 1 - t 0 = change in temperature - difference between final and initial temperature ( oC)

(3) can be modified to

V 1 = V 0 (1 + β (t 1 - t 0 ))                           (3b)

Density and change in Temperature

With (1) and (3b) the final density after a temperature change can be expressed as

ρ 1 = m / ( V 0 (1 + β (t 1 - t 0 )))                              (4)

where

ρ 1 = final density (kg/m3 )

- or combined with (2)

ρ 1 = ρ 0 / (1 + β (t 1 - t 0 ))                                  (4b)

where

ρ 0 = initial density (kg/m3 )

Volumetric Temperature Coefficients - β

Note! - volumetric temperature coefficients may vary strongly with temperature.

Density and change in Pressure

The influence of pressure on the volume of a liquid can be expressed with the three dimensional Hooke's law

E = - dp / (dV / V 0 )

= - (p 1 - p 0 ) / ((V 1 - V 0 ) / V 0 )                                   (5)

where

E = bulk modulus - liquid elasticity (N/m2)

The minus sign corresponds to the fact that an increase in the pressure leads to a decrease in volume.

With (5) - the final volume after pressure change can be expressed as

V 1 = V 0 (1 - (p 1 - p 0 ) / E)                                     (5b)

Combining (5b) with (1) - the final density can be expressed as:

ρ 1 = m / ( V 0 (1 - (p 1 - p 0 ) / E))                                  (6)

- or combined with (2) - the final density can be expressed as

ρ 1 = ρ 0 / (1 - (p 1 - p 0 ) / E)                                  (6b)

Bulk Modulus Fluid Elasticity some common Fluids - E

  • water : 2.15 10 9 (N/m2)
  • ethyl alcohol : 1.06 10 9 (N/m2)
  • oil : 1.5 10 9 (N/m2)

Note! Bulk modulus for liquids varies with pressure and temperature.

Bulk modulus for water - Imperial Units

Bulk modulus for Water - SI units

Density of a fluid changing both Temperature and Pressure

The density of a fluid when changing both temperature and pressure can be expressed combining (4b) and (6b) :

ρ 1 = ρ 1(from eq.1) / (1 - (p 1 - p 0 ) / E)

= ρ 0 / (1 + β (t 1 - t 0 )) / (1 - (p 1 - p 0 ) / E) (7)

Example - Density of Water at 100 bar and 20 oC

  • density of water 0 oC : 999.8 (kg/m3 )
  • expansion coefficient of water at 10 oC : 0.000088 ( m3 /m3 oC) (average value between 0 and 20 oC)
  • bulk modulus of water: 2.15 10 9 (N/m2)

Density of water can be calculated with (3):

ρ 1 = (999.8 kg/m3 ) / (1 + (0.000088 m3 /m3 oC) ((20 oC) - (0 oC) )) / (1 - ((100 10 5 Pa) - (1 10 5 Pa)) / ( 2.15 10 9 N/m2) )

= 1002.7 (kg/m3 )

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