Air Conditioning
Air Conditioning systems - heating, cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for thermal comfort
Air Conditioner Efficiency
Air conditioner efficiency is the ratio between heat removed and power (watt) used - EER and SEER
Air Conditioning - Cooling of Air and Generated Condensate
Water may condensate when air is cooled in an air conditioning system
Air Humidity measured by Dry and Wet Bulb Temperature
Estimate moist air relative humidity by measuring dry and wet bulb temperature
Ammonia - NH3 - Concentration in Air and Health Effects
Ammonia and health symptoms - smell and threat to life
Ammonia - NH3 - Thermodynamic Properties
Thermodynamic properties of saturated and superheated ammonia R-717 - specific volume, enthalpy and entropy
Ammonia - Density at Varying Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ammonia at temperatures ranging -50 to 425 °C (-50 to 800 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Ammonia - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic (absolute) and kinematic viscosity of gasous and liquid ammonia at temperatures ranging from -73 to 425°C (-100 to 800°F) at pressure ranging from 1 to 1000 bara (14.5 - 14500 psia) - SI and Imperial Units
Ammonia - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
Figures and tables showing how the properties of liquid and gaseous ammonia changes along the boiling/condensation curve (temperature and pressure between triple point and critical point conditions). An ammonia phase diagram are included.
Ammonia - Specific Heat at varying Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing specific heat, CP and CV, of gasous and liquid ammonia at temperatures ranging from -73 to 425°C (-100 to 800°F) at pressure ranging from 1 to 100 bara (14.5 - 1450 psia) - SI and Imperial Units
Ammonia - Thermal Conductivity at Varying Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of liquid and gaseous ammonia at temperatures ranging -70 to 425 °C (-100 to 800 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Ammonia - Vapour Pressure at gas-liquid equilibrium
Figures and table showing ammonia saturation pressure at boiling point, SI and Imperial units
Antifreeze Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol
Comparing ethylene glycol and propylene glycol properties as antifreeze
Antifreeze Volume and Temperature Rating
Freeze protecting cooling systems - temperature rating vs. required amount of antifreeze
ASTM B280 - Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration - ACR - Dimensions and Working Pressures
Standard specification for seamless copper tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Field Service
Calculating Cooling Loads
Calculating chiller and cooling tower refrigeration - in tons
Chilled Water Systems
Chilled water system equations - evaporator and condenser flow rates
Cooling and Heating - Performance and Efficiency Terminology
Performance and efficiency terminology related to heat pumps and air condition systems
Cooling and Heating Equations
Latent and sensible cooling and heating equations - imperial units
Cooling Load - Convert kW/ton to COP or EER
Convert cooling load units kW/ton, COP and EER
Cooling Load - Latent and Sensible Heat
Latent and sensible cooling loads to consider in design of HVAC systems
Dehumidifiers
Classification of dehumidifiers
Equivalent Diameter - Rectangular and Circular HVAC Ducts
Equivalent diameter for rectangular and circular ducts - air flows between 100 - 50000 cfm
Ethylene Glycol Heat-Transfer Fluid
Freezing point, viscosity, specific gravity and specific heat of ethylene glycol based heat-transfer fluids, or brines
Freeze Protection of Water based Heat Transfer Fluids
Antifreezes used in water based heat transfer fluids or brines
Fruits and Vegetables Optimal Storage Conditions
Optimal temperature and humidity conditions for some common fruits and vegetables
Heat Emission from Animals
Heat energy produced by animals
Heat Gain from Electrical Motors in Continuous Operation
Heat transferred from an electrical motor to the ambient room - different locations of fan and motor
Heat Gain from Lights
Heat contribution from lights may have a major impact on an air condition system
Heat Index
Equivalent heat index vs. air temperature and relative humidity - in degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius
Heat Loss from Electrical Equipment
Heat loss from electrical equipment like switch gear, transformers and variable frequency drives
Heat Pumps - Performance and Efficiency Ratings
Rating the performance and efficiency of heat pumps
Heat Removed from Storage Roooms with Cooled Air
Heat removed when air is cooled to storage room conditions
Human Heat Gain
Heat gain from persons in air conditioned spaces - in btu/hr
Humidifying Air with Steam - SI units
Use steam to humidify air
HVAC Diagram - Online Drawing Tool
Draw HVAC diagrams - Online with the Google Drive drawing tool
Indoor Comfort Temperature versus Outdoor Temperature
Recommended indoor comfort temperature vs outdoor temperature
Indoor Design Climate Conditions for Industrial Product and Production Processes
Recommended indoor temperature and humidity for some common industrial products and production processes
Indoor Design Conditions - Summer and Winter
Recommended indoor design conditions
Lights and Power Installations
Lights power installations in common types of buildings and rooms
Liquid Ammonia - Thermal Properties at Saturation Pressure
Density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, viscosity and Prandtls no. of liquid ammonia at its saturation pressure
Metabolic Heat Gain from Persons
Human metabolic heat gain in air conditioned rooms
Net Refrigeration Effect
The quantity of heat absorbed from refrigerated space
Outdoor Temperature and Relative Humidity - US Winter and Summer Conditions
Outdoor summer and winter design temperature and relative humidity in US states and cities
R-12 Dichlorodifluoromethane Properties
Thermodynamic properties of saturated and superheated - Dichlorodifluoromethane - CF2Cl2 - specific volume, enthalpy and entropy
Refrigerant Compressors - Evaporation Temperature, Condensating Temperature and Capacity
Evaporation temperature, condensing temperature and refrigerant compressor capacity
Refrigerant R134a Properties
Thermodynamic properties of refrigerant R-134a
Refrigerant R22 - Properties
Properties of Refrigerant R22 Dichlorodifluoromethane - saturated liquid and saturated vapor - imperial and metric units
Refrigerants
Commonly used refrigerants - methane series, ethane series, propane series, cyclic organic compounds, zeotropic blends, azeotropic blends and organic compounds
Refrigerants - Color Codes
Refrigerants and their color codes
Refrigerants - Environmental Properties
Refrigerants - Ozone Depletion (ODP) and Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Refrigerants - Environmental Properties
Physical and environmental properties of some common refrigerants
Refrigerants - Saturation Pressures vs. Temperatures
Temperature and pressure diagram for constant boiling refrigerants - imperial and SI units
Refrigerants - Temperature and Pressure Charts
Temperature and pressure chart for refrigerants R22, R410A, R12, R134A, R401A, R409A, R502, R404A, R507A, R408A and R402A
Refrigeration Formulas
Compression work, coefficient of performance and more
Refrigeration Machinery and required Ventilation
Ventilation required for refrigeration machinery and compressors in hot areas
Relative Humidity in Production and Process Environments
Recommended relative humidity in production and process environments - like libraries, breweries, storages and more
Required Space for Ventilation and Air Conditioning Equipment
Sizes of ventilation and air conditioning rooms according DIN 1946
Sensible Heat Ratio - SHR
Sensible Heat Ratio - SHR - is defined as the sensible heat or cooling load divided by the total heat or cooling load
Solar Heat Transmission and Type of Glass
Relative solar heat transmission through different types of glass windows
Solar Heat Transmission through Windows
Solar heat gain through windows with roller shades, vertical blinds and Venetian blinds
Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant R-22
Properties of R-22 - vapor volume, enthalpy and entropy at pressures from 30 to 260 psia
Tons Cooling vs. Airflow and Duct Sizes
Typical relations between tons cooling, air flow and duct size
Water Evaporator and Condenser Equations
Air conditioner heat loads, and evaporator and condenser water flow rates