Steam and Condensate
Steam & condensate systems- properties, capacities, pipe sizing, systems configuration and more
• Steam - Heat Loss and Insulation
Steam and condensate pipes - heat loss uninsulated and insulated pipes, insulation thickness and more
• Steam Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics of steam and condensate applications
• Pipe Sizing
Sizing steam and condensate pipes - pressure loss, recommended velocity, capacity and more
• Flash Steam
Flash steam generation - thermodynamic fundamentals, heat loss, energy recovery and more
• Control Valves and Equipment
Sizing and dimensions of control valves & equipment in steam and condensate systems
Air and Steam Mixture
Air in the steam will lower the surface temperatures in heat exchangers - and less heat will be transferred
Air- Moisture Holding Capacity vs. Temperature
Moisture holding capacity of air increases with temperature
ASME - International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
The International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code establishes rules of safety governing the design, fabrication, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels, and nuclear power plant components during construction
Boiler Blowdown
Suspended solids in the feed water will remain in the boiler when steam is generated
Boiler Blowdown Rate
Calculating boiler blowdown rate
Classification of Boilers
Classification of boilers according the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Classification of Steam Heating Systems
Steam systems carries heat through pipes from the boiler to consumers as heat exchangers, process equipment etc.
Condensate generated in Cold Steam Pipes - SI Units
Huge amounts of condensate generated when cold steam pipes are heated up must be drained from the pipes
Condensate Generated in Cold Steam Pipes and the Sizing of Steam Traps
When cold steam pipes are heated up they generate huge amounts of condensate that must be drained away from the pipe through steam traps - in Imperial Units
Condensate generated in Insulated Steam Pipes
Heat loss from steam pipes generates condensate which must be drained from the system - imperial units
Condensate Generated in Insulated Steam Pipes (kg/h per 100m)
Heat loss from steam pipes generates condensate which must be drained from the system
Condensate Pipes Capacities in kW
Maximum capacities of condensate lines in kW steam consumption
Condensate Pumping
High temperatures and danger of impeller cavitation is the major challenge of condensate pumping
Design of Steam Heating Systems
An introduction to the basic design of steam heating systems
Diffusion Coefficients of Gases in Water
Diffusion flux [kg/m2s] tells how fast a substanse solved in another substance flows due to concentration gradients. Diffusion constants [m2/s] are given for several gases in water
Entropy of Superheated Steam
Entropy of steam superheated to temperatures above saturation point
Feed Water - Chemistry Limits
ABMA recommended feed water chemistry limits for steam boilers
Feed Water Treatment to Avoid Corrosion
Make-up water to steam boilers should be treated with oxygen scavengers to avoid serious corrosion problems
Flash Steam Generation - Imperial Units (psig)
When condensate passes steam traps - flash steam is generated
Flash Steam Generation - SI-units
When condensate leaves the steam traps - flash steam is generated. Amount of flash steam generated at different pressures - kN/m2
Flash Steam Generation (bar)
The amount of flash steam generated depends on steam pressure and pressure in the condensate lines
Flow Coefficient - Cv - for Liquid, Steam and Gas - Formulas and Online Calculators
Flow coefficient and proper design of control valves - Imperial Units
Flow Coefficient Cv versus Flow Factor Kv
Comparing flow coefficient Cv and flow factor Kv
Fluid Heat Transfer Coefficients - Heat Exchanger Surface Combinations
Average overall heat transmission coefficients for some common fluids and surface combinations as Water to Air, Water to Water, Air to Air, Steam to Water and more
Friction Resistance in Condensate Pipe Lines - Imperial Units
Friction or major resistance in condensate pipe lines
Heat Emission from Pipes Submerged in Oil or Fat
Heat emission from steam or water heating pipes submerged in oil or fat - forced and natural circulation
Heat Emission from Pipes Submerged in Water
Heat emision from steam or water heating pipes submerged in water - assisted (forced) or natural circulation
Heat Loss from Oil Filled Tanks
Heat loss from insulated and uninsulated, sheltered and exposed heated oil tanks
Heat Loss from Steam Pipes
Amount of condensate generated in steam pipes depends on the heat loss from the pipe to the surroundings
Heating Systems - Steam and Condensate Loads
Calculating steam and condensate loads in steam heated systems
Heavy Water Thermophysical Properties
Thermodynamic properties of heavy water (D2O) - density, melting temperature, boiling temperature, latent heat of fusion, latent heat of evaporation, critical temperature and more
Humidifying Air with Steam - Imperial Units
Amount of vapor (lb/h in 100 cfm) in humid air
Humidifying Air with Steam - SI units
Use steam to humidify air
Ice / Water - Melting Points at Higher Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing melting points of ice to water at pressures ranging from 0 to 29000 psia (0 to 2000 bara). Temperature given as °C, °F, K and °R.
Mollier Diagram for Water-Steam
Enthalpy-entropy diagram for water and steam
NDT - Non Destructive Testing
Non-destructive testing of constructions
Pipes and Tubes - Temperature Expansion
Pipes expands when heated and contracts when cooled and the expansion can be expressed with the expansion formula
Properties of Saturated Steam - Imperial Units
Steam table with sensible, latent and total heat, and specific volume at different gauge pressures and temperatures
Properties of Saturated Steam - Pressure in Bar
Saturated Steam Table with properties like boiling point, specific volume, density, specific enthalpy, specific heat and latent heat of vaporization
Properties of Saturated Steam - SI Units
A Saturated Steam Table with steam properties as specific volume, density, specific enthalpy and specific entropy
Safety Valve Capacities in Low Pressure Steam Systems
Sizing safety valves after boiler output power in low pressure systems (kW and Btu/hr)
Sizing Condensate Pipe Lines - SI Units
Flow and pressure loss in condensate return lines
Sizing Steam Pipes (kg/h)
Steam is a compressible gas where pipe line mass flow capacity depends on steam pressure.
Sizing Steam Pipes (lb/h)
Steam is a compressible gas where the capacity of a pipe line depends on the size of the pipe and the steam pressure.
Soft and Hard Water
Carbonates dissolved in water
Steam Boiler Rating and Feed Water Temperature
Boiler output and feed water temperature
Steam Consumption for some Typical Steam Heated Consumers
Steam consumption rates for typical steam heated consumers in industries like bakeries, breweries, paper factories etc.
Steam Control Valves - Kv Calculation
Design of steam control valves and their Kv values
Steam Feeding Pumps - Suction Lift Head vs. Temperature
Impeller cavitation increase with water temperature
Steam Heating Process - Load Calculating
Calculating the amount of steam in non-flow batch and continuous flow heating processes
Steam Pipe - Online Pressure drop Calculator
Calculate pressure drops in steam distribution pipe lines
Steam Pipes - Heat Loss over a Year
Yearly heat loss in amount of coal or oil consumption for insulated and uninsulated steam pipes at different dimensions and operation times
Steam Pipes - Heat Loss (W/m)
Heat loss from un-insulated steam pipes
Steam Pipes - Installation of Drip Legs
Properly draining steam pipes for condensate
Steam Pipes - Max Flow and Pressure Drop
Pressure drop and maximum allowable flow in steam pipes
Steam Pipes - Sizing
Pipe sizing steam systems - major and minor loss in steam distribution systems
Steam Pipes - Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion of steam pipes heated from room temperature to operation temperature (mm pr. 100 m pipe)
Steam Radiators and Convectors Heating Capacities
Steam radiators and steam convectors - heating capacities and temperature coefficients
Steam Tracing Pipe Lines
Steam tracing of pipe lines to maintain appropriate product temperature
Steam Trap Selection Guide
A steam trap selection guide - Float & Thermostatic, Inverted Bucket, Bimetal Thermostatic, Impulse and Thermodynamic Disc steam traps
Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes - inches
Steam pipes heated from room temperature to operation temperatures - expands
Vapor and Steam
Introduction to vapor and steam
Water - Boiling Points at Vacuum Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables giving the boiling temperatures of water in varying vacuum, SI and Imperial units.
Water - Density, Specific Weight and Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Definitions, online calculator, figures and tables giving Density, Specific Weight and Thermal Expansion Coefficient of liquid water at temperatures ranging from 0 to 360 °C and 32 to 680°F - in Imperial and SI Units
Water - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing viscosity of water at temperatures ranging from 0 to 360 °C (32 to 675 °F) - Imperial and SI Units
Water - Enthalpy (H) and Entropy (S)
Figures and tables showing the enthalpy and entropy of liquid water as function of temperature - SI and Imperial Units
Water - Heat of Vaporization
Online calculator, figures and tables showing heat of vaporization of water, at temperatures from 0 - 370 °C (32 - 700 °F) - SI and Imperial units
Water - Ionization Constant, pKw, of normal and heavy water
Ionization constant (= dissociation constant = self-ionization constant = ion product = autoprotolysis constant ) of water and heavy water, given as function of temperature (°C and °F) in figures and tables
Water - Prandtl Number
Figures and tables showing Prandtl Number of liquid and gaseous water at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Water - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
Figures and tables showing how the properties of water changes along the boiling/condensation curve (vapor pressure, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat, Prandtl number, thermal diffusivity, entropy and enthalpy).
Water - Saturation Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing water saturation (vapor) pressure at temperatures ranging from 0 to 370 °C and from 32 to 700°F - in Imperial and SI Units
Water - Specific Gravity
Figures and tables showing specific gravity of liquid water in the range of 32 to 700 °F or 0 to 370°C, using water density at four different temperatures as reference
Water - Specific Heat
Online calculator, figures and tables showing specific heat of liquid water at constant volume or constant pressure at temperatures from 0 to 360 °C (32-700 °F) - SI and Imperial units
Water - Specific Volume
Online calculator, figures and tables showing Specific Volume of water at temperatures ranging from 0-370 °C and 32 - 700 °F - Imperial and IS Units
Water - Thermal Conductivity
Figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of water (liquid and gas phase) with varying temperature and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Water - Thermal Diffusivity
Figures and tables showing thermal diffusivity of liquid and gaseous water at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
Water - Thermophysical Properties
Thermal properties of water - density, freezing temperature, boiling temperature, latent heat of melting, latent heat of evaporation, critical temperature and more
Water Boiling Points at Higher Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing boiling points of water at pressures ranging from 14.7 to 3200 psia (1 to 220 bara). Temperature given as °C, °F, K and °R.
Water vs. Steam - Critical and Triple Points
Critical point is where vapor and liquid are indistinguishable and triple point is where ice, water and vapor coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium
Wet Steam Quality and Dryness Fraction
Introduction and definition of steam quality and dryness fraction including calculating wet steam enthalpy and specific volume
