Steam and Condensate
Steam & condensate systems- properties, capacities, pipe sizing, systems configuration and more
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• Steam - Heat Loss and Insulation
Steam and condensate pipes - heat loss uninsulated and insulated pipes, insulation thickness and more
• Steam Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics of steam and condensate applications
• Pipe Sizing
Sizing steam and condensate pipes - pressure loss, recommended velocity, capacity and more
• Flash Steam
Flash steam generation - thermodynamic fundamentals, heat loss, energy recovery and more
• Control Valves and Equipment
Sizing and dimensions of control valves & equipment in steam and condensate systems
Air and Steam Mixture
Air in the steam will lower the surface temperatures in heat exchangers - and less heat will be transferred
Air Humidifying with Steam - Imperial Units
Amount of vapor (lb/h in 100 cfm) in humid air
ASME - International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
The International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code establishes rules of safety governing the design, fabrication, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels, and nuclear power plant components during construction
Boiler Blowdown
Suspended solids in the feed water will remain in the boiler when steam is generated
Boiler Blowdown Rate
Calculating boiler blowdown rate
Classification of Steam Heating Systems
Steam systems carries heat through pipes from the boiler to consumers as heat exchangers, process equipment etc.
Classifications of Boilers
Classification of boilers according the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
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Condensate Generated in Insulated Steam Pipes (kg/h per 100m)
Heat loss from steam pipes generates condensate which must be drained from the system
Condensate Generation in Cold Steam Pipes - Sizing of Steam Traps
When cold steam pipes are heated up they generate huge amounts of condensate that must be drained away from the pipe through steam traps - in Imperial Units
Condensate Line Capacity in kW
Maximum capacities of condensate lines in kW steam consumption
Condensate Pumping
High temperatures and danger of impeller cavitation is the major challenge of condensate pumping
Design of Steam Heating Systems
An introduction to the basic design of steam heating systems
Entropy of Superheated Steam
Entropy of steam superheated to temperatures above saturation point
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Feed Pumps - Steam Systems and Suction Lift
Impeller cavitation increase with water temperature
Feed Water - Chemistry Limits
ABMA recommended feed water chemistry limits for steam boilers
Feed Water Treatment to Avoid Corrosion
Make-up water to steam boilers should be treated with oxygen scavengers to avoid serious corrosion problems
Flash Steam Generation - Imperial Units (psig)
When condensate passes steam traps - flash steam is generated
Flash Steam Generation - SI-units
When condensate leaves the steam traps - flash steam is generated. Amount of flash steam generated at different pressures - kN/m2
Flash Steam Generation (bar)
The amount of flash steam generated depends on steam pressure and pressure in the condensate lines
Flow Coefficient Cv versus Flow Factor Kv
Comparing flow coefficient Cv and flow factor Kv
Flow Coefficients - Cv - and Formulas for Liquids, Steam and Gases - Online Calculators
Flow coefficient and proper design of control valves - Imperial Units
Friction Resistance in Condensate Lines - Imperial Units
Friction or major resistance in condensate pipe lines
Generation of Condensate in Cold Steam Pipes - SI Units
Huge amounts of condensate generated when cold steam pipes are heated up must be drained from the pipes
Heat Emission from Pipes Submerged in Oil or Fat
Heat emission from steam or water heating pipes submerged in oil or fat - forced and natural circulation
Heat Emission from Pipes Submerged in Water
Heat emision from steam or water heating pipes submerged in water - assisted (forced) or natural circulation
Heat Loss from Oil Filled Tanks
Heat loss from insulated and uninsulated, sheltered and exposed heated oil tanks
Heat Loss from Steam Pipes
Amount of condensate generated in steam pipes depends on the heat loss from the pipe to the surroundings
Heating Capacity - Steam Radiators and Convectors
Steam radiators and steam convectors - heating capacities and temperature coefficients
Heating Systems - Steam and Condensate Loads
Calculating steam and condensate loads in steam heated systems
Humidifying Air with Steam - SI units
Use steam to humidify air
Insulated Steam Pipes - Generated Condensate
Heat loss from steam pipes generates condensate which must be drained from the system - imperial units
Moisture Holding Capacity of Air
Moisture holding capacity of air increases with temperature
Mollier Diagram for Water-Steam
Enthalpy-entropy diagram for water and steam
NDT - Non Destructive Testing
Non-destructive testing of constructions
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients for Fluids and Heat Exchanger Surface Combinations
Average overall heat transmission coefficients for some common fluids and surface combinations as Water to Air, Water to Water, Air to Air, Steam to Water and more
Pipes and Tubes - Temperature Expansion
Pipes expands when heated and contracts when cooled and the expansion can be expressed with the expansion formula
Properties of Saturated Steam - Imperial Units
Steam table with sensible, latent and total heat, and specific volume at different gauge pressures and temperatures
Properties of Saturated Steam - Pressure in Bar
Saturated Steam Table with properties like boiling point, specific volume, density, specific enthalpy, specific heat and latent heat of vaporization
Properties of Saturated Steam - SI Units
A Saturated Steam Table with steam properties as specific volume, density, specific enthalpy and specific entropy
Safety Valves in Low Pressure Steam Systems
Sizing safety valves after boiler output power in low pressure systems (kW and Btu/hr)
Sizing Condensate Pipe Lines - SI Units
Steam distribution systems and sizing condensate return lines
Sizing Steam Pipes (kg/h)
Steam is a compressible gas where pipe line mass flow capacity depends on steam pressure.
Sizing Steam Pipes (lb/h)
Steam is a compressible gas where the capacity of a pipe line depends on the size of the pipe and the steam pressure.
Soft and Hard Water
Carbonates dissolved in water
Steam Boiler Rating and Feed Water Temperature
Boiler output and feed water temperature
Steam Consumption for some Typical Steam Heated Consumers
Steam consumption rates for typical steam heated consumers in industries like bakeries, breweries, paper factories etc.
Steam Control Valves - Calculating Kv Values
Design of steam control valves and their Kv values
Steam Heating Process - Load Calculating
Calculating the amount of steam in non-flow batch and continuous flow heating processes
Steam Pipe - Online Pressure drop Calculator
Calculate pressure drops in steam distribution pipe lines
Steam Pipes - Heat Loss over a Year
Yearly heat loss in amount of coal or oil consumption for insulated and uninsulated steam pipes at different dimensions and operation times
Steam Pipes - Heat Loss (W/m)
Heat loss from un-insulated steam pipes
Steam Pipes - Installation of Drip Legs
Properly draining steam pipes for condensate
Steam Pipes - Max Flow and Pressure Drop
Pressure drop and maximum allowable flow in steam pipes
Steam Pipes - Sizing
Pipe sizing steam systems - major and minor loss in steam distribution systems
Steam Pipes - Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion of steam pipes heated from room temperature to operation temperature (mm pr. 100 m pipe)
Steam Tracing of Pipe Lines
Steam tracing of pipe lines to maintain appropriate product temperature
Steam Trap Selection Guide
A steam trap selection guide - Float & Thermostatic, Inverted Bucket, Bimetal Thermostatic, Impulse and Thermodynamic Disc steam traps
Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes - inches
Steam pipes heated from room temperature to operation temperatures - expands
Vapor and Steam
Introduction to vapor and steam
Wet Steam Quality and Dryness Fraction
Introduction and definition of steam quality and dryness fraction including calculating wet steam enthalpy and specific volume
