Electrical
Electrical units, amps and electrical wiring, wire gauge and AWG, electrical formulas and motors
12 Volt Current and Maximum Wire Length
Maximum copper wire length with 2% voltage drop
Abbreviations According the International Electrotechnical Commission
Conforming abbreviations according IEC
AC - Active, Reactive and Apparent Power
Real, imaginary and apparent power consumption in AC circuits
AC Circuit - Voltage, Current and Power
In an AC circuit - alternating current is generated from a sinusoidal voltage source
Aluminum Conductor Characteristics
Characteristics of all-aluminum conductor (AAC)
Amps and Wire Gauge in 12V Electrical Circuits
Maximum current - amps - through a 12V circuit - related to size (AWG) and length of wire
Asynchronous Induction Motors - Electrical Data
Electrical motor data - nominal current, fuse, start ampere, contactor and circuit breaker of asynchronous induction motors
Automotive 12 Volt Electric Wiring
Car - 12 V currents and maximum wire lengths
AWG - American Wire Gauge and Circular Mils
AWG, diameter mil, circular mil, diameter in mm and area in mm2
AWG Wire Gauges Current Ratings
Common US AWG wire gauges and amps ratings
Capacitor
Capacitors and capacitance - charge and unit of charge
CE Marking
The European Machine Directive
Charging Electrical Vehicles - Voltage, Amps and Power
EV - Electrical Vehicle - Charging Stations - Power vs. Amps and Voltage - AC vs. DS - Single Phase vs. Three Phase
Circles within a Rectangle
The maximum number of circles possible within a rectangle - ex. numbers of pipes or wires in a conduit
Circuit Wiring - Single Phase 230V Electrical Motors
Recommended copper wire gage and transformer size for single phase - 230 Volts - electrical motors
CM - Circular Mil Area
The circular mil area - CM - is a unit denoting the cross-sectional size of a wire or a cable
Color Temperatures
Light sources and color irradiation
Copper and Aluminum Wire - Electrical Resistance
Electrical resistance in plain copper or aluminum wire
Copper Wire - Electrical Resistance
Gauge, weight, circular mils and electrical resistance
Coulomb's Law
The electric force acting on a point charge
Current Divider - Online Calculator
Electric current divider
DC Motors - Full-load Currents
Full load amps in 120 and 240 volts DC motors
Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials
Ability to act as an electrical insulator
DIN VDE Standards
DIN VDE power installations
Electric Cable Installations - Current Rating
Current ratings and cable sizes for fixed installations within buildings
Electric Circuit Diagram - Template
Use Google Drive to make online shareable electric circuit diagrams
Electric Heating of Mass
Electric heating of an object or mass - energy supply and temperature change
Electric Motor Calculator
Calculate amps, hp and kVA
Electric Motor Efficiency
Calculate electric motor efficiency
Electric Motor Wiring - 480 Volt
Electrical motor wiring data - NEMA amps, starter size, HMCP size for motors ranging 1/2 to 500 hp
Electric Motor Wiring - Three Phase 230 & 460V Circuits
Recommended dimensions of copper wire and transformers for tree phase 230 & 460V electrical motors
Electric Motors - Torque vs. Power and rpm
Speed of electrical motors - output power and torque
Electric Shocks
Physiological effects of electric shocks
Electric Wire 240 Volts Single-Phase - Maximum Length
Maximum length of wire with 2% voltage drop
Electric Wire Cross-Section Equations
Calculate single and bunched wire cross-sections and diameters
Electric Wire Resistance for Various Materials
Copper, Aluminum, Brass, Constantan, Nichrome, Platinum, Silver and Tungsten
Electrical Conductivity of Elements and other Materials
Elements ability to conduct electric current
Electrical Formulas
The most common used electrical formulas - Ohms Law and combinations
Electrical Inductance - Serial and Parallel Connections
Serial and parallel inductance
Electrical Induction Motors - Synchronous Speed
The speed at which an induction motor operates depends on the input power frequency and the number of electrical magnetic poles in the motor
Electrical Metal Tubing - EMT - Conduits
Electrical Metal Tubing (EMT) conduits trade sizes and max distance between supports
Electrical Motor - Locked Rotor Design Code Letters
Locked rotor indicating code letters electrical motors
Electrical Motor Power and Maximum Cable Length
Maximum cable lengths for electrical motors
Electrical Motor Shaft Power
Electrical motors are rated in horsepower or watt
Electrical Motors - Frame Dimensions
NEMA electrical motor frame dimensions
Electrical Motors - Full Load Amps
Full load currents for 460 volts, 230 volts and 115 volts motors - single and 3-phase
Electrical Motors - Horsepower and Amps
Horsepower rating of electrical motors compared to their ampere rating
Electrical Motors - Insulation Classes
Temperature and insulation classes for electrical motors
Electrical Motors - Speed vs. Frequency
The speed of electrical motors with 2, 4, 6 or 8 poles at 50 Hz and 60 Hz
Electrical Motors Efficiency Ratings
NEMA - electrical motor efficiency ratings
Electrical Motors Speed at Operating Loads
Speed of an operating electrical motor with load is lower than the synchronous speed (no load) of the motor
Electrical Resistance in Serial and Parallel Networks
Resistors in parallel and serial connections
Electrical Units
Definition of common electrical units - like Ampere, Volt, Ohm, Siemens
Electrode Potential and Galvanic Corrosion
Introduction to electro chemical series and corrosion of metals
Electromotive Force - e.m.f
Change in electrical potential between two points
Energy Stored in Capacitors
Potential power and energy stored in capacitors
Energy Stored in Inductors
Energy stored in magnetic fields
Extension Cords
Size of extension cords - full load ratings with 115 V
Heat Loss from Electrical Motors
Heat loss from electrical motors to the surroundings
IEC - NEMA Electric Motors Standard Torques
IEC and NEMA torque classifications of electrical motors
IEC Duty Cycles
The eight - S1 - S8 - IEC duty cycles of operating electrical motors
Inductance
Electro Magnetic Field - EMF - induced into a circuit
Induction Motors - Synchronous and Full Load Speed
Synchronous and full load speed of amplitude current (AC) induction motors
Intermediate Metal Conduit - IMC
Lighter and lower cost metal conduits
IP - Ingress Protection Rating
IP - Ingress Protection rating is used to specify the environmental protection - or electrical enclosure - of electrical equipment
Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws
LENI - Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator
Energy consumption of lighting systems
Lights and Power Installations
Lights power installations in common types of buildings and rooms
Luminous Efficacy
The visible light produced by light sources
Max Amps in Copper and Aluminum Wire
Maximum current in copper and aluminum wire
NEMA - National Electrical Manufacturers Association
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NEMA A, B, C and D Electrical Motor Design
NEMA has established four different designs - A, B, C and D for electrical induction motors
NEMA and IEC Enclosure Classifications
NEMA enclosure classifications versus IEC enclosure classifications
NEMA Enclosure Standards for Electric Motors
NEMA enclosure standard for electrical motors
NEMA Insulation Classes
Electrical insulation systems rated by standard NEMA classifications to maximize allowable operating temperatures
Nema Starters
Nema sized contactors or starters
Nickel-Chromium Wire - Electrical Resistance vs. Temperature Rise
Electric resistance and temperature rise
Ohm's Law
Voltage, current and resistance
Online Wire Gauge - AWG - Calculator
Calculate AWG, mil, mm, CM or square mm
Parallel and Serial Connected Capacitors
Capacitance in parallel and series connected circuits
Parallel Circuits
Resistance, voltage and current in parallel networks
Permeability
Electromagnetism and formation of magnetic fields
Potential Divider - Online Calculator
Output voltage from a potential divider
Power Factor - Inductive Load
Inductive loads and power factors for electrical three-phase motors
Power Wiring - Color Codes
Color codes used in power wiring
Rechargeable Batteries - Battery Life Calculator
Properties of rechargeable batteries and accumulators
Relative Permittivity - the Dielectric Constant
Some common materials and their relative permittivity
Relative vs. Absolute Voltage
Electric circuits and the voltage at any point
Resistance and Conductance
The reciprocal of electrical resistance is conductance
Resistance and Resistivity
Electrical resistance and resistivity
Resistivity and Conductivity - Temperature Coefficients for Common Materials
Resistivity, conductivity and temperature coefficients for some common materials as silver, gold, platinum, iron and more
Resistors - Color Codes Calculator
Color codes for fixed resistors - values and tolerances - online calculator
Resistors - Letters and Digit Codes
Letter and digit codes to indicating resistor values
Resistors - Standard Values
Preferred number series for resistors
Rigid Aluminum Conduit - RAC
Rigid Aluminum Conduit dimensions
Series Circuits
Voltage and current in series circuits
Service Factor
Service factor - SF - is a measure of periodically overload capacity at which a motor can operate without damaging
Single Phase Power Equations
Single phase electrical power equations
Single vs. Three Phase AC - Amperage
Convert between single phase (120, 240 and 480 Voltage) and three phase (240 and 480 Voltage)
Slip in Electrical Induction Motors
Slip is the differentiation between synchronous and asynchronous speed
Smaller Circles within a Larger Circle
Estimate the number of small circles that fits into an outer larger circle - ex. how many pipes or wires fits in a larger pipe or conduit
Soil - Resistivity
Types of soil and their mean value of resistivities
SWG - Standard Wire Gauge
Imperial Standard Wire Gauge used for sheet metal and wire
Three Phase Electrical Motors
Full load amps, wire and conduit sizes for three phase electrical motors
Three-Phase Power Equations
Electrical 3-phase equations
Torques in Electrical Induction Motors
Torques describes and classifies electrical motors
Transformers
Alternating voltage and induced electro magnetic field - e.m.f. - in a transformer
Transients
A transient is a high voltage spike caused by an external or internal transient source
Types of NEMA Electrical Enclosures
Description of NEMA electrical enclosures types
Voltage by Country
Typical voltages and frequencies used for domestic appliances
Voltage Drop in Electric Circuits
Ohm's law and voltage drop in an electric circuit
Voltage Imbalance - Derating Factor in Polyphase Motors
Efficiency of electrical polyphase motors decreases with increased voltage imbalance
Wire - Convert from Square mm to Diameter mm
Convert from square mm to diameter mm
Wire Gauge Converter - AWG versus square mm
American Wire Gauge (AWG) versus square mm cross sectional area
