Thermodynamics

The effects of work, heat and energy on a system

1st Law of Thermodynamics

The First Law of Thermodynamics simply states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed (conservation of energy). Thus power generation processes and energy sources actually involve conversion of energy from one form to another, rather than creation of energy from nothing

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

The second law is concerned with entropy, which is a measure of disorder. The second law says that the entropy of the universe increases

Arithmetic and Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference

Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference - AMTD - and Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference - LMTD - definition formulas with examples - Online Mean Temperature Calculator

Carnot Efficiency

The efficiency of the Carnot cycle

Coefficients of Cubical Expansion of Liquids

Volumetric expansion coefficients of some common fluids

Coefficients of Linear Expansion

Linear temperature expansion coefficients for some common materials as aluminum, copper, glass, iron and many more

Conductive Heat Transfer

Heat transfer will take place as conduction when there exists a temperature gradient in a solid or fluid

Convective Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between a solid and a moving fluid is called convection. This is a short tutorial about convective heat transfer

Cooling Mode and Heat Flux

Heat flux for various cooling modes

Critical Points some common Substances

Critical points of some common substances like air, argon, helium and more

Density of a Fluid - Changing Pressure and Temperature

Calculate the density of a fluid when changing pressure and temperature

Emissivity Coefficients of some common Materials

The radiation heat transfer emissivity coefficient of some common materials as aluminum, brass, glass and many more

Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work

Energy Density for various Storage Forms

Energy density by weight and volume for some common storage forms

Energy Requirement for a Heating Up Application

Energy required heating up a substance

Energy Transfer Equation

Fluid energy transfer

Freezing Points Common Liquids

Common fluids and their freezing points

Heat Capacity

The heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to change its temperature by one degree, and has units of energy per degree

Heat Storage Materials

Physical properties of sensible heat storage materials

Heat Transfer Coefficients in Heat Exchangers

Overall heat transfer coefficients in some common heat exchanger constructions - tubular, plate and spiral

Heat, Work and Energy

A brief tutorial to heat, work and energy. Including essentials as specific heat and specific heat capacity

Heating Value

The gross (high) and net (low) heating values

Ideal Gas Properties of Nitrogen

Enthalpy, internal energy and entropy of Nitrogen

Latent Heat of Melting of some common Materials

The latent heat of fusion when changing between solid or liquid state of some common materials as aluminum, ammonia, glycerin, water and more

Mollier Diagram for Water-Steam

Enthalpy-entropy diagram for water and steam

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient in walls or heat exchangers

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients for some common Fluids and Heat Exchanger Surfaces

Average overall heat transmission coefficients for some common fluids and surface combinations as Water to Air, Water to Water, Air to Air, Steam to Water and more

Power Plant Performance Factors

Power plants and heat rate, thermal efficiency, capacity factor, load factor, economic efficiency, operational efficiency, energy efficiency

Properties and State

Concepts of properties and state

Radiation Constants of some common Building Materials

The radiation constant is the product between the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and the emissivity constant for the material

Radiation Emissivity of some common Materials

Radiation emissivity for some common materials as Water, Ice, Snow, Grass and more

Radiation Heat Emissivity for Aluminum

Radiation heat emissivity of unoxidized, oxidized and polished aluminum

Radiation Heat Transfer

Heat transfer due to emission of electromagnetic waves is known as thermal radiation

Rankine Efficiency

The efficiency of the Rankine cycle

Resistivity from Conductivity

Thermal resistivity and conductivity

Salt Hydrates - Melting point and Latent Energy

Melting point and latent energy of salt hydrates

Specific Heat Capacity

The Specific Heat Capacity is the amount of heat required to change a unit mass of a substance by one degree in temperature

Specific Heat Capacity Converter

Online specific heat calculator with the most common units

Standardized Enthalpies and Entropies

Standardized enthalpies and entropies of some common substances

Temperature

A short introduction to temperature - including Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin and Rankine definitions - online temperature converter

Temperature Expansion Coefficients of some common Piping Materials

Expansion coefficients of some common materials used for pipes and tubes - aluminum, carbon steel, cast iron, PVC, HDPE and more

Thermal Conductance Conversion Factors

Convert between thermal conductivity units

Thermal Conductivity Common Liquids

Common fluids and their thermal conductivity

Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials

Thermal conductivity of some common materials as aluminum, asphalt, brass, copper, steel and many more

Thermal Conductivity Online Converter

An online thermal conductivity calculator

Thermal Transmittance - U

Thermal transmittance - U - from thermal resistance

Thermodynamic Terms

Common thermodynamic terms - potential energy, kinetic energy, thermal or internal energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy and more

Third Law of Thermodynamics

The entropy of a substance is zero if the absolute temperature is zero

Units of Heat - BTU, Calorie and Joule

The most common units of heat are BTU - British Thermal Unit, Calorie and Joule

Volumetric Temperature Expansion

Cubical expansion when changing temperature

Water - Temperature and Specific Gravity

Specific gravity of water ranging 32-600 degF

Work

The amount of work done is the product of the applied force and the distance

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