Water Systems
Hot and cold water systems - design properties, capacities, sizing and more
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Capacity of Sewer Pipes
Carrying capacity of sewer and wastewater pipes - gpm and liter per second
Cold Water Storage per Occupant
Cold water storage for occupants in common types of buildings as factories, hospitals, houses and more
Converting WSFU to GPM
Converting Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU) to GPM
Copper Pipe - Water Velocity Limits
The water velocities in copper pipes should not exceed certain limits to avoid erosion
Copper Pipes - Insulation and Heat Loss
Heat loss to surrounding air from insulated copper tubes
Copper Pipes and Heat Loss
Heat loss from copper tubes at various temperature differences between tube and air
Copper Tubes - Dimensions and Working Pressures
Dimensions and working pressures of copper tubes according BS (British Standard) 2871:1972
Copper Tubes DWV - Drain, Waste and Vent
Dimensions of copper tube ASTM 306 DWV - Drain Waste and Vent
Cross-Connection Control
It is fundamental to keep potable water in water supply systems uncontaminated
Design of Domestic Water Supply Systems
An introduction to general design of Domestic Water-supply Systems with pressurized and gravity tanks
Discharge Regulation of Centrifugal Pumps
Adapting pump capacities to process demand
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Domestic Hot Water System - a Design Procedure
A design procedure of domestic hot water systems
Drainage Fixture Unit Loads for Sanitary Piping
Maximum Drainage Fixture Unit Loads for sanitary piping
Drainage Fixture Unit Values (DFU)
DFU are used to determine the drainage from fixtures and the necessary capacity of the sewer service systems
Drainage Piping and Hanger Spacing
Support of drainage pipes
Drainage-Pipe Pitch
Minimum drainage-pipe pitch
Draining Roof Areas by Vertical Downspouts
Capacity of vertical downspouts
Epoxy Pipes - Support Spacing
Support spacing for reinforced Epoxy fiberglass pipes
Expected Loads in Sanitary Drainage Systems
Calculate expected loads in sanitary drainage systems
Fittings and Cold Water Storage Capacities
Storage capacities of some commonly used fittings
Fixture Water Requirements
Demand at individual water outlets
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Fixture-Unit Requirements on Trap Sizes
Trap size and no. fixture units
Fixtures and Trap Sizes
Recommended trap sizes for different types of fixtures
Flow Coefficient - Cv - Formulas for Liquids, Steam and Gases
The flow coefficient - Cv - is important for proper design of control valves
Gutter Slopes and Roof Drainage
Roof area drained with gutter slopes
Horizontal Storm Drains
Capacity of horizontal storm drain piping
Hot and Cold Water Pipes Sizing
Recommended dimensions of hot and cold water pipes
Hot Water Consumption of Fittings
Design hot water consumption of fittings - basins, showers, sinks and baths
Hot Water Consumption per Occupant
Consumption of hot water per person or occupant
Hot Water Content in Fittings
Content of hot water in some common used fittings - basins, sinks and baths
Hot Water Flow Rates to Fittings
Hot water consumption of some common equipment as basins, sinks, baths and showers
Legionella
Legionella pneumophila - bacterium that thrives in water supply and air conditioning systems - causing Legionnairs disease
Maximum Flow Velocities in Water Systems
Water velocities in pipes and tubes should not exceed certain limits
Piping Systems
Dimensions, materials, capacities, pressure drop calculations, insulation and heat loss in piping and tube systems
Plumbing Codes
Plumbing or sanitation codes are a set of rules and regulations imposed by cities, counties or states
PVC Pipe Schedule 40 - Friction loss and Velocity Diagram
Friction loss (psi/100 ft) and velocity for water flow in plastic PVC pipe schedule 40
Recommended Sizes of Water Supply Lines
Sizing water supply pipes
Reynolds Number
An introduction and definition of the dimensionless Reynolds Number - with online calculators
Riser Diagrams
Plumbing sanitary and water riser diagram - example
Septic Systems
A septic system handles the waste from the drain system
Sizing and Selection of Butterfly Valves
Selecting and sizing butterfly valves for water applications
Sizing Domestic Hot-Water Heaters
Domestic Hot-Water sizing formulas - heating capacity, recovery rate and power supply
Sizing Water Supply Lines
Sizing water supply and service lines based on Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU)
Stainless Steels Classifications
Stainless steels are commonly grouped into martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenitic stainless steels, duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steels, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels
Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services
Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Services according ANSI/AWWA C207-01
Suction Flow Velocities of Water
Recommended water flow velocity on suction side of pump
Vents
Vents of draining systems
Volumetric Temperature Expansion
Cubical expansion when changing temperature
Waste Water and Flow Capacity
In sewage piping and pumping systems the fluid flow rate must be kept within certain limits to avoid operating problems
Water Control Valves - Calculating Kv Values
Design of water process control valves and their Kv values
Water Delivery Flow Velocities
Required flow velocities in water transport systems - on the delivery side of the pump
Water Hammers
Rapidly closing or opening valves may cause pressure transients in pipelines known as water hammers
Water Supply - Calculating Expected Demand
Calculating of expected demand in water supply service lines
Water Supply Fixture Units - WSFU
WSFU are used to determine water supply to fixtures and their service systems
Water-distribution Pipe
Water-distribution pipe is the piping located inside a building
Water-service Pipes
A water-service pipe extends from a potable water source to the interior of a building
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