Combustion
Boiler house topics - fuels like oil, gas, coal, wood - chimneys, safety valves, tanks - combustion efficiency
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API Gravity
Expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products
ASTM Standard - Volume 05.06 Gaseous Fuels, Coal and Coke
An overview of the standards within ASTM Section 5 - Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels, - Volume 05.06 Gaseous Fuels, Coal and Coke
Adiabatic Flame Temperature
Adiabatic flame temperature of hydrogen, methane, propane and octane in Kelvin
Air Supply to Boiler Houses
Incomplete combustion may generate carbon monoxide - CO - in the boiler - re-ignition may cause disastrous effects on both personnel and property
Alternative Fuels - Properties
Properties of alternative fuels like Biodiesel, E85, CNG and more
Anthracite Coal
Anthracite coal is available in standardized sizes
Bio Fuels - Energy Content
Common bio fuels and their energy content
Biogas - Typical Composition
Typical composition of biogas
Boiler Efficiency
Boiler efficiency - combustion gross and net calorific value
Boiler Exhaust Velocity
Exhaust velocities from boilers should be within certain limits
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Boiling Point - Fuels
Some common fuels and their boiling points
Chimney Area and Boiler Heat Load
Boiler capacity and required chimney area
Chimney Sizing
Calculating chimney draft and chimney area
Chimneys and Fireplace Sizing
Chimneys and fireplace sizing for fireplaces and stoves burning wood or coal as fuel
Classification of Coal
Classification of coal based on volatile matter and cooking power of clean material
Classification of Gases
Oxidizers, Inert and Flammable gases
Combustion Efficiency and Excess Air
Optimizing a boilers efficiency is important to minimize fuel consumption and unwanted excess to the environment
Combustion Fuels - Carbon Dioxide Emission
Environmental emission of carbon dioxide CO2 when combustion fuels like coal, oil, natural gas, LPG and bio energy
Combustion Processes and Combustion Efficiency
Typical furnace combustion efficiencies - fireplaces, space heater, boiler and more
Combustion Testing
Combusting testing of fuel oil and gas burners
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Combustion Values Fuel Gases
Combustion values for some common fuel gases - natural gas, propane and butane - Btu per cubic feet
Dew Point Temperatures of Flue Gases
Flue gas and condensation of water vapor - dew point temperatures
Emission - Biomass Combustion
Emission from combustion of biomass
Energy Content in Biogas
Energy content in biogas produced from municipal and industrial waste
Energy Content in some Common Energy Sources
Common energy sources and their energy content
Explosion Doors in Chimneys
Recommended sizes of explosion doors or draught stabilizers for oil firing installations
Fire Wood - the Cord
The cord is one of the most common units for purchasing fuel wood
Flame Temperatures some Common Gases
Adiabatic flame temperatures for some common fuel gases - propane, butane, acetylene and more - air or oxygen atmosphere
Flash Point - Fuels
Some common fuels and their flash points
Flue Gases - Average Dew Point for Typical Fuels
Average dew point of flue gases for typical fuels
Fossil Fuels - Energy Content
Convert between common fossil fuels units
Fuel Gases - Heating Values
Combustion and heating values of fuel gases - acetylene, blast furnace gas, ethane, biogas and more - Gross and Net values
Fuel Gases - Wobbe Index
Wobbe index for some common fuel gases - propane, butane, methane and more
Fuel Oil Burners
Pot-type, Gun-type and Rotary-type Oil Burners
Fuel Oil Pumps and Suction Capacities
Single stage or double stage fuel oil pumps and their suction capacities
Fuel Oil Storage Tanks
Dimensions of fuel oil storage tanks
Fuel Oil and Combustion Values
Combustion value in Btu/gal for fuel oils No.1 to No.6
Fuel Oils - Viscosities
Fuels oils - their viscosity versus temperature
Fuels - Combustion Air and Flue Gases
Combustion air and flue gas for common fuels - coke, oil, wood, natural gas and more
Fuels - Densities and Specific Volumes
Densities and specific volumes of some common fuels - anthracite, butane, coke, oil, wood and more
Fuels - Exhaust Temperatures
Exhaust and outlet temperatures for some common fuels - natural gas, liquefied petroleum, diesel and more
Fuels - Higher Calorific Values
Higher calorific values for some common fuels - coke, oil, wood, hydrogen and others
Fuels Combustion - Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emission
Emission of Nitrogen Oxides - NOx - when combustion fuels like oil, coal, propane and more
Fuels Properties Database
Online petroleum-based fuels properties database
Fuels and Chemicals - Auto Ignition Temperatures
The ignition point for some common fuels and chemicals - butane, coke, hydrogen, petroleum and more
Gaseous Fuels and Chemical Composition
Chemical composition of some common gaseous fuels - coal gas, natural gas, propane and more
Gases - Explosive and Flammability Concentration Limits
Flame and explosion limits for gases - propane, methane, butane, acetylene and more
Gross Combustion Value for some common Materials
Gross combustion values for some common materials - carbon, methane, ethylene and more - values in Btu/lb
Gross and Net Heating Values for some common Gases
Gross heating and net heating value for some common gases as hydrogen, methane and more
Head Loss in Oil Pipes
Head or pressure loss due to friction in oil pipes - various viscosity and laminar flow.
Heat Loss from Oil Pipes
Heat loss in W/mK and Btu/hr ft oF from oil tubes ranging temperatures 10 - 38oC (50 - 100oF)
Heating Value
The gross (high) and net (low) heating values
Hot-Water Generators - Water Circulation Rates
Hot water circulation through boilers - Imperial and SI-units
Intermittent Combustion and Boiler Efficiency
Reduced efficiency by intermittent boiler operation
Liquefied Natural Gas - LNG
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas - LPG
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Methane - Converting between Liquid and Gaseous Units
Convert between common liquid and gaseous LNG or Methane units
Natural Gas Consumption
Natural gas consumption in common equipment - boiling pans, ovens, cookers, kettles and more
Oil Pipes - Recommended Flow Velocities
Flow velocities in oil pipes should be kept within certain limits
Online Fuel Equivalents Calculator
Online calculator to compute the fuels equivalents - oil and gas
Optimal Combustion Processes - Fuels and Excess Air
Stable and efficient combustion conditions require correct mixtures of fuels and oxygen
Paraffins and Alkanes - Combustion Properties
Heating values, air/fuel ratios, flame speed, flame temperatures, ignition temperatures, flash points and flammability limits
Propane
Chemical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Propane - C3H8
Propane Butane Mix - Evaporation Pressure
Evaporation pressure of Propane Butane mixtures
Propane Vapor Pressure
Vapor pressure in psi (bar) of propane vapor at temperatures ranging -30 - 110 oF (-42 - 43 oC)
Sizing the Boiler Room
Minimum boiler room area
Standard Reference Fuels and their Equivalents
Standard reference fuels and their equivalents
Stoichiometric Combustion
Stoichiometric combustion and excess of air
Stoker Classification
Coal stokers can classified on basis of their coal burning capacity
Wood Species - Weight at various Moisture Contents
Weight of green and air-dry fuel wood
Wood and Bio Mass Heat
Combustion values of wet and dry wood - Btu/pounds, kJ/kg and kcal/kg
Wood and Combustion Heat Values
Firewood and combustion heat values - Pine, Elm, Hickory and many more species
