Steam and Condensate

Control Valves and Equipment

Sizing and dimensions of control valves & equipment in steam and condensate systems

Flash Steam

Flash steam generation - thermodynamic fundamentals, heat loss, energy recovery and more

Heat Loss and Insulation

Steam and condensate pipes - heat loss uninsulated and insulated pipes, insulation thickness and more

Pipe Sizing

Sizing steam and condensate pipes - pressure loss, recommended velocity, capacity and more

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics of steam and condensate applications

Air Humidifying with Steam - Imperial Units

Amount of vapor (lb/h in 100 cfm) in humid air

Air and Steam Mixture

With air in the steam the surface temperatures in heat exchangers will be lower - less heat than excepted will be transferred

Boiler Blowdown

Suspended solids entering boilers through feed water will remain behind when steam is generated. After a while the concentration of solids makes the operation of the boiler unsatisfactory

Boiler Blowdown Rate

Calculating boiler blowdown rate

Capacities of Condensate Lines - in kW

Maximum capacities of condensate lines in kW steam consumption

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Classification of Steam Heating Systems

Steam systems carries heat through pipes from the boiler to consumers as heat exchangers, process equipment etc.

Classifications of Boilers

Classification of boilers according ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

Condensate Generation in Cold Steam Pipes, Sizing Traps - Imperial Units

When cold steam pipes are heated up they generate huge amounts of condensate that must be drained away from the pipe through the steam traps

Condensate Load Generated in Insulated Steam Pipes (kg/h per 100m)

The heat loss from steam pipes generates condensate which must be drained from the system - A table indicating the amount of condensate generated in insulated steam pipes

Condensate Pumping

High temperatures and danger of impeller cavitation is the major challenge of condensate pumping

Design of Steam Heating Systems

An introduction to the basic design of steam heating systems

Entropy of Superheated Steam

A table with the entropy of steam superheated to temperatures above the boiling point with corresponding temperatures

Feed Water Treatment - Avoiding Corrosion

The make-up water to steam boilers should be treated with oxygen scavengers to avoid serious corrosion problems

Feeding Pumps - the Suction Lift in Steam Systems

The danger of impeller cavitations increases with water temperature

Feedwater Temperature and Steam Boiler Rating

Fraction of boiler rating under operating conditions

Flash Steam Generation - SI-units

When condensate leaves the steam traps - flash steam is generated. Amount of flash steam generated at different pressures - kN/m²

Flash Steam Generation (bar)

When condensate leaves the steam traps - flash steam is generated. Table indicating amount of flash steam generated at different pressures - bar

Flash Steam Generation in Imperial Units (psig)

When condensate leaves the steam traps - flash steam is generated. This table indicates the amount of flash steam generated at different pressures - psig

Flow Coefficient - C_v - Formulas for Liquids, Steam and Gases - Online Calculators

The flow coefficient - C_v - is important for proper design of control valves

Flow Coefficient C_v and Flow Factor K_v

Comparing flow coefficient C_v with flow factor K_v

Friction or Major Resistance in Condensate Lines - Imperial Units

A table for estimating capacity of condensate piping lines

Generation of Condensate in Cold Steam Pipes - SI Units

When cold steam pipes are heated up huge amounts of condensate is generated and must be drained from the pipe

Heat Emission from Pipes Submerged in Oil or Fat

Heat emission from steam or water heating pipes submerged in oil or fat - assisted (forced) and natural circulation

Heat Emission from Pipes Submerged in Water

Heat transmission from steam or water heating pipes submerged in water - assisted (forced) and natural circulation

Heat Loss from Oil Filled Tanks

Heat loss from insulated and uninsulated, sheltered and exposed heated oil tanks

Heat Loss from Steam Pipes (W/m)

The amount of condensate generated in steam pipes depends on heat loss from the pipe to the surroundings

Heat Loss from Steam Pipes (btu/h per ft)

Amount of condensate generated in steam pipes depends on the heat loss from the pipe to the surroundings

Heating Capacity of Steam Radiators and Convectors

Steam radiators and steam convectors - heat capacities and temperature coefficients

Humidifying Air with Steam - SI units

The amount of vapor - kg per cubic meter - in humid air

Insulated Steam Pipes - Condensate Load Generated

The heat loss from steam pipes will generate condensate which must be drained from the system - a table indicating the condensate generated in insulated steam pipes (lb/h per 100 ft)

Mollier Diagram for Water-Steam

Enthalpy-entropy diagram for water and steam

NDT - Non Destructive Testing

Non-destructive testing of constructions

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients for some common Fluids and Heat Exchanger Surfaces

Average overall heat transmission coefficients for some common fluids and surface combinations as Water to Air, Water to Water, Air to Air, Steam to Water and more

Pipes and Tubes - Temperature Expansion

Pipes expands when heated and contracts when cooled. The expansion of the pipes can be expressed with the expansion formula

Properties of Saturated Steam - Imperial Units

A steam table with sensible, latent and total heat, and specific volume at different gauge pressures and temperatures

Properties of Saturated Steam - Pressure in Bar

The Saturated Steam Table with properties as boiling point, specific volume, density, specific enthalpy, specific heat and latent heat of vaporization

Properties of Saturated Steam - SI Units

A Saturated Steam Table with steam properties as specific volume, density, specific enthalpy and specific entropy

Recommended Feed Water Chemistry Limits

Steam boilers and ABMA recommended feed water chemistry limits

Safety Valves in Low Pressure Steam Systems

Sizing safety valves after boiler output power in low pressure systems (kW and Btu/hr)

Sizing Condensate Pipes - SI Units

A table for sizing condensate return lines in steam distribution systems

Sizing Steam Pipes (kg/h)

Steam is a compressible gas where the mass flow capacity of the pipe lines depends on the steam pressure. This table, where pressure is in bar, velocity in m/s and capacity in kg/h, is suitable for sizing steam pipes

Sizing Steam Pipes (lb/h)

Steam is a compressible gas where the capacity of the pipe line depends on the size of the pipes and the steam pressure. This table can be used for fast sizing of steam pipes dimensions

Soft and Hard Water

Hard and soft water

Steam Consumption of some Typical Consumers

Steam consumption rates for typical consumers in different industries as bakeries, breweries, paper factories etc.

Steam Control Valves - Calculating K_v Values

Design of steam control valves and their K_v values

Steam Heating Processes - Load Calculating

Calculating the amount of steam in non-flow batch and continuous flow heating processes

Steam Pipe Pressure drop Calculator

Calculate pressure drop in steam distribution pipe lines

Steam Pipes - Sizing

Pipe sizing steam systems - major and minor loss in steam distribution systems

Steam Tracing of Pipe Lines

To maintain appropriate product temperature in process lines it may often be convenient to use a steam tracing system. This is a table that can be used to estimate the appropriate number of steam tracers

Steam Trap Selection Guide

A steam trap selection guide - Float & Thermostatic, Inverted Bucket, Bimetal Thermostatic, Impulse and Thermodynamic Disc steam traps

Steam and Condensate Loads in Heating Systems

Calculating steam and condensate loads in steam heated systems

Temperature and Moisture Holding Capacity of Air

The moisture holding capacity of air varies with temperature

Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes - inches

When a steam pipes is heated from surrounding temperature to operation temperature - it expands

Thermal Expansion of Steam Pipes - mm

A steam pipe heated from surrounding temperature to operation temperature expands

Vapor and Steam

Introduction to vapor and steam

Wet Steam Quality and the Dryness Fraction

An introduction and definition of vapor or steam quality and dryness fraction. Includes formulas for calculating wet steams enthalpy and specific volume

Yearly Heat Loss from Steam Pipes

Yearly heat loss from steam pipes can be considerable. This table compare the yearly heat loss in the amount of coal and oil consumption for insulated and uninsulated steam pipe lines at different dimensions and operation time.