Ventilation
Systems for ventilation and air handling - air change rates, ducts and pressure drops, charts and diagrams and more
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Air - Altitude, Density and Specific Volume
The density and the specific volume of air varies with the elevation above sea level
Air Change Rate
How to calculate air change rates - air change rate equations in imperial and SI units
Air Change Rates - typical Rooms and Buildings
Recommended air change rates - ACH - in some typical rooms and buildings - auditoriums, kitchens, churches and more
Air Curtains and Air Screens
Air curtains or air screens in open doorways are used to keep acceptable indoor comfort in buildings
Air Ducts Friction Loss Diagram
Major loss diagram air ducts - SI units
Air Ducts Friction Loss Diagram
Major loss diagram air ducts - Imperial units ranging 10 - 100 000 cfm
Air Ducts Friction Loss Diagram
Major loss diagram air ducts - Imperial units ranging 10 000 - 400 000 cfm
Air Ducts Minor Loss Coefficient Diagrams
Minor loss coefficient diagrams for air ductwork, bends, expansions, inlets and outlets - SI units
Air Ducts Velocity Diagram
Air flow volume, duct size, velocity and dynamic pressure
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Air Flow and Velocities due to Natural Draft
Air flow - volume and velocity - due to stack or flue effect caused by indoor hot and outdoor cold temperature difference
Air Heating Systems
Using air to heat buildings - temperature rise diagram
Air Intakes and Outlets
Ventilation systems - air intakes and outlets and rules of thumbs
Air Required to Remove Moisture
Required air flow to remove moisture from a room
Air Return Intakes - Sizes and Capacities
Sizes and capacities of air return intakes
Air Velocities in Ducts
Recommended maximum air velocities in ventilation ducts
Area per Person
Common area per person in buildings - values can in general be used calculating indoor climate loads
Belt driven Fans - Motor and Fan Speed
Speed of Fan versus Speed of Motor with Belt Drives
Belts - Length and Speed of Belt
Length and speed of belt, belt gearing
Belts - Length and Speed of Belt
Length and speed of belt, belt gearing
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Carbon Dioxide Concentration in Rooms
The carbon dioxide concentration in rooms can be used to indicate air quality and ventilation system efficiency
Carbon Monoxide - Health Effects
Exposure health effects of Carbon Monoxide - CO
Circular Duct Sizes
Dimensions of circular ventilation air ducts
Classification of Ventilation Dampers
Dampers in ventilation systems may be classified according function, construction or leakage class
Classification of Ventilation Systems
Ventilation systems can be classified by functions, distribution strategies or by ventilation principles
Clean Rooms - Federal Standard 209
Clean rooms are maintained virtually free of contaminants such as dust or bacteria
Clean Rooms - ISO Standard 14644
Clean room class limits according ISO Standard 14644-1
Colebrook Equation
Calculate friction loss coefficients in pipes, tubes and ducts
Design of Ventilation Systems
A design procedure of ventilation systems, with air flow rates, heat and cooling loads, air shifts according occupants, air supply principles
Duct Velocity
Calculate velocities in circular and rectangular ducts - imperial and SI-units - online calculator
Ductwork Sheet Metal Gauges
Sheet metal gauges used in ductwork
Equal Friction Method
The equal friction method of sizing ducts is easy and straightforward to use
Equation of Mechanical Energy
The equation of mechanical energy in terms of Energy per Unit Mass, Energy per Unit Volume and Energy per Unit Weight involving head
Equivalent Diameter
Convert rectangular and oval duct geometry to a equivalent circular diameter - online calculator with imperial and SI-units
Evacuation of Air - minimum Capture Velocities to avoid Pollution products transferred to the Room
Capture velocity to avoid pollution products from galvanic baths, spray painting boxes and more contaminating the surrounding room and environment
Exhaust Hoods
Sizing exhaust hoods - air volume flow and capture velocities - online exhaust hood calculator
Exhaust Outlets - Capture Air Velocities
Capture air velocities in front of exhaust outlets - online exhaust outlet velocity calculator
Fan Affinity Laws
Affinity laws can be used to calculate volume capacity, head or power consumption - when speed or rpm, and wheel diameters are changed
Fan Capacity Diagrams
Pressure or head - air flow volume - fan capacity diagrams
Fan Class Limits - AMCA
Fan construction classes established by AMCA
Fan Inlet - Suction Pressure and Air Density
High suction pressure at the fan inlet decreases the density of air - should be corrected for proper fan selection
Fan Motors - Starting Torques
A fan motor must be capable not only of driving the fan at operating speed, but also be capable of accelerating the fan wheel to operating speed
Fan Troubleshooting
Guide to troubleshooting fan problems
Fans - Air and Brake Horsepower
AHP - Air Horse Power, and BHP - Brake Horse Power
Fans - Efficiency and Power Consumption
Power consumption and typical efficiencies of fans
Fans - Influence of Air Temperature and Air Density on Volume Flow, Pressure Head and Power Consumption
The temperature and density of air will influence on volume flow, pressure head and power consumption of fans compared with manufacturing data
Fans and Capacity Control
Modulating fans and their capacities
Filter Arrestance and Efficiency
Air filter efficiency and arrestance
Friction Loss - Temperature and Pressure
Friction loss in air ducts depends on actual temperature and air pressure
Friction Loss in Ducts
Friction loss or major loss in ducts - equations and online calculator for rectangular and circular ducts - imperial units
Garage Ventilation
Exhaust ventilation from garages or workshops
HVAC Diagram - online drawing
Online HVAC diagram drawing
Heat Recovery Efficiency
Classification of heat recovery efficiencies - temperature efficiency, moisture efficiency and enthalpy efficiency - online heat exchanger efficiency calculator
Heat-Recovery
Ventilation and heat-recovery calculations, sensible and latent heat - online calculators - imperial units
Heater and Coolers in Ventilation Systems
Basic equations of heat transfer and selecting criteria of heaters and coolers
Humidifiers
Classification of Humidifiers - sprayed coils, spinning discs and steam humidifiers
Hydraulic Diameter
Hydraulic diameter of ducts and tubes
Hydraulic Diameter of Rectangular Ducts
Rectangular ducts and hydraulic diameter
Indoor Design Conditions - Industrial Products and Production Processes
Recommended indoor temperature and humidity for some common industrial products and production processes
Indoor Design Temperatures
Recommended indoor temperatures summer and winter
Industrial Environments - Selecting Ventilation Systems
A quick selection guide for ventilation systems and principles in industrial environments
Major loss in Ducts, Tubes and Pipes
Major loss - head loss or pressure loss - due to friction in ducts, pipes and tubes
Minimum Outdoor Makeup Air
ASHRAE Standard 62-2004 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Minor Loss Coefficients for Air Duct Components
Minor loss - pressure or head loss - coefficients for air duct distribution systems components
Minor Loss Resistance in Ventilation Ducts
Air velocity, minor loss coefficient and minor loss in ventilation ductworks
Odor Intensity from Persons
Room volume, ventilation and odor intensity from persons
Odor from Persons - Required Ventilation
Odor and smell - required air ventilation
Online Air Duct Calculator
Online calculator to compute the friction loss in air ducts
Pollution Concentration in Rooms
Concentration of a pollution in a limited space as a room depends on the amount of polluted material spread in the room, the supply of fresh air, the outlets position and construction, the principles used for supply and outlet from the space, the fluid flow in the space ..
Pressure Drop in Ventilation Components
Pressure drops in some common ventilation system components - dampers, filters, heaters, coolers ...
Pumps, Compressors, Blowers and Fans
Comparing pumps, compressors, blowers and fans
Recommended Air Velocities in Ducts
Ducts and recommended air velocities
Recommended Relative Humidity in Production and Process Environments
Recommended Relative Humidity - RH - in production and process environments like libraries, breweries, storages and more
Rectangular Air Ducts Velocity Diagram
Velocity diagram rectangular air ducts
Rectangular Duct Sizes
Dimensions of common rectangular air ducts used in ventilation systems
Rectangular and Circular HVAC Ducts - Equivalent Diameter
Equivalent diameters for rectangular and circular ducts - air flows between 100 - 50,000 cfm
Rooms and Rates of Outdoor Make Up Air
Recommended rates of outdoor make up air in some common types of rooms - banks, assembly halls, hotels and many more
Roughness & Surface Coefficients of Ventilation Ducts
Surface coefficients to calculate friction and major pressure loss in ventilation ducts - concrete, galvanized steel, corroded steel and more
STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure & NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure
The definition of STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure and NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure
Scrubber Basics
In a wet scrubber process air is drawn through a mist of water made by spray nozzles, then through separators where water droplets with dust and particles are removed
Selecting Ventilation System in Comfort Environments
A quick selection guide of ventilation system in comfort environments
Sizing Circular Ducts
A rough guide to maximum air volume capacity of circular ducts in comfort, industrial and high speed ventilation systems
Sizing Ducts
The ductwork of ventilation systems are often sized with either the Velocity, the Constant Pressure Loss (or Equal Friction Loss) - or the Static Pressure Recovery Methods
Space required for Ventilation and Air Conditioning Equipment
Required size of ventilation and air conditioning rooms according DIN 1946
Spiral Pipe
Standard dimensions spiral ducts - imperial units
Stack or Flue Effect
Stack or flue effect produced when outdoor temperature is lower than indoor temperature
Supporting Ductwork
Ductwork support and recommended spacing between hangers
Types of Fans
Axial and propeller fans, centrifugal (radial) fans, mixed flow fans and cross flow fans
Types of Fans and Range of Capacities
Centrifugal, Axial, Propeller fans and range of capacities
U-Tube Manometer
The inclined and vertical u-tube manometers are inexpensive and common in differential pressure measurements of flow meters like pitot tubes, orifices and nozzles
Velocities in Ventilation Ducts
Recommended velocities in ventilation ducts
Ventilation Efficiency
The efficiency of a ventilation system may be related to temperature or pollution concentrations
Ventilation Filters
Classification of air filters used in ventilation systems
Ventilation Principles
Some commonly used ventilation principles - the short cut, mixed air, displacement and piston principle
