H = E + PV and ΔH = ΔE + Δ(PV)
For enthalpy, there are no method to determine absolute values, only enthalpy changes (ΔH values) can be measured. Then it is important to have a common and well defined reference state. Since enthalpy is a state function, a change in enthalpy does not depend on the pathway between two states.
Hess's law: In going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps.
At constant pressure: ΔH = qp (qp = heat from or to the chemical system at constant pressure, q is also called heat of reaction)
Exothermic reaction: negative ΔH (heat transferred to the surroundings from the system)
Endothermic reaction: positive ΔH (heat adsorbed by the system from the surroundings)
The standard enthalpy of formation (ΔH0f) of a compound is the change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a compound from its elements with all substances in their standard states.
The table below shows the standard enthalpy of formation, the standard Gibbs free energy of formation, standard entropy and molar heat capacity at constant pressure of several inorganic compounds.
See also Standard enthalpy of formation, Gibbs free energy of formation, entropy and molar heat capacity of organic substances and Thermodyamics key values internationally agreed for tabulation of more of the same type of values
Substance | ΔH0f @25°C (kJ/mol) | ΔG0f @25°C (kJ/mol) | S0 @25°C (J/(molK)) | Cp @25°C J/(mol K) |
Ag(g) | 284.9 | 246 | 173 | 20.8 |
Ag(s) | 0 | 0 | 42.6 | 25.4 |
Ag+(aq) | 105.8 | 77.1 | 73.5 | |
AgCN(s) | 146 | 156.9 | 107.2 | 66.7 |
Ag2CO3(s) | -505.8 | -436.8 | 167.4 | 112.3 |
AgNO3(s) | -124.4 | -33.4 | 140.9 | 93.1 |
Ag2O(s) | -31.1 | -11.2 | 121.3 | 65.9 |
Ag2S(s) | -32.6 | -40.7 | 144 | 76.5 |
AgBr(s) | -100.4 | -96.9 | 107.1 | 52.4 |
AgCl(s) | -127.0 | -109.8 | 96.3 | 50.8 |
AgF(s) | -204.6 | -187 | 84 | |
AgI(s) | -61.8 | -66.2 | 115.5 | 56.8 |
Al(g) | 330 | 289.4 | 164.6 | 21.4 |
Al(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.3 | 24.2 |
Al2O3(s) | -1675.7 | -1582.3 | 50.9 | 79.0 |
AlF3(s) | -1510.4 | -1431.1 | 66.5 | 75.1 |
AlI3(s) | -302.9 | 195.9 | ||
AlBr3(s) | -527.2 | 180.2 | 100.6 | |
AlCl3(s) | -704.5 | -628.11 | 112.3 | 91.1 |
Al(OH)3(s) | -1277 | |||
Al(OH)4-(aq) | -1490 | -1297 | 117 | |
AlPO4(s) | -1733.8 | -1617.9 | 90.8 | 93.2 |
Ar(g) | 0 | 154.9 | 20.8 | |
B(s) | 0 | 0 | 5.9 | 11.1 |
B(g) | 565 | 521.0 | 153.4 | 20.8 |
BH(g) | 442.7 | 412.7 | 171.8 | 29.2 |
BH3(g) | 89.2 | 93.3 | 188.2 | 36.0 |
B2S3(s) | -240.6 | 100.0 | 111.7 | |
Ba(g) | 180 | 146 | 170.2 | |
Ba(s) | 0 | 0 | 62.5 | 28.1 |
BaCO3(s) | -1213.0 | -1134.4 | 112.1 | 86.0 |
BaH2(s) | -177 | -138.2 | 63.0 | |
BaBr2(s) | -757.3 | -736.8 | 146.0 | |
BaCl2(s) | -855 | -806.7 | 123.7 | 75.1 |
BaF2(s) | -1207.1 | -1156.8 | 96.4 | 71.2 |
BaI2(s) | -602.1 | -597 | 167.0 | |
BaO(s) | -548.0 | -520.3 | 72.1 | 47.3 |
BaSO4(s) | -1473.2 | -1362.2 | 132.2 | 101.8 |
Be(g) | 324 | 286.6 | 136.3 | 20.8 |
Be(s) | 0 | 0 | 9.5 | 13.4 |
BeBr2(s) | -353.5 | 108 | 69.4 | |
BeCl2(s) | -490.4 | -445.6 | 75.8 | 62.4 |
BeF2(s) | -1026.8 | -979.4 | 53.4 | 51.8 |
BeI2(s) | -192.5 | 121 | 71.1 | |
BeO(s) | -609.4 | -580.1 | 13.8 | 25.6 |
Be(OH)2(s) | -902.5 | -815.0 | 45.5 | 62.1 |
BeSO4(s) | -1205.2 | -1093.8 | 77.9 | 85.7 |
Bi(g) | 207.1 | 168.2 | 187 | 20.8 |
Bi(s) | 0 | 0 | 56.7 | 25.5 |
Bi2O3(s) | -573.9 | -493.7 | 151.5 | 113.5 |
BiCl3(s) | -379.1 | -315.0 | 177.0 | 105.0 |
Br-(aq) | -121.4 | -104.0 | 82.6 | |
Br(g) | 111.9 | 82.4 | 175 | 20.8 |
Br2(g) | 30.9 | 3.1 | 245.5 | 36.0 |
Br2(l) | 0 | 0 | 152.2 | 75.7 |
BrCl(g) | 14.6 | -1 | 240.1 | 35.0 |
BrF(g) | -93.8 | -109.2 | 229 | 33.0 |
BrF3(g) | -1136 | 1119.4 | 254.4 | 66.6 |
C(g) | 716.7 | 671.3 | 158.1 | 0.8 |
C(s, diamond) | 1.9 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 6.1 |
C(s, graphite) | 0 | 0 | 5.7 | 8.5 |
CBr4(g) | 83.9 | 67 | 358.1 | |
CBr4(s) | 29.4 | 47.7 | 212.5 | |
CCl2F2(g) | -477.4 | -439.4 | 300.8 | |
CCl2O(g) | -219.1 | -204.9 | 283.5 | |
CCl4(g) | -95.7 | -53.6 | 309.9 | |
CCl4(l) | -128.2 | -62.6 | 216.2 | |
CF4(g) | -933.6 | -888.3 | 261.6 | |
CS2(g) | 116.7 | 67.1 | 237.8 | 45.4 |
CS2(l) | 89 | 64.6 | 151.3 | 76.4 |
CO(g) | -110.5 | -137.2 | 197.7 | 29.1 |
CO2(g) | -393.5 | -394.4 | 213.8 | 37.1 |
Ca(g) | 177.8 | 144 | 154.9 | 20.8 |
Ca(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.6 | 25.9 |
Ca(OH)2(s) | -985.2 | -897.5 | 83.4 | 87.5 |
CaBr2(s) | -682.8 | -663.6 | 130 | |
CaCl2(s) | -795.4 | -748.8 | 108.4 | 72.9 |
CaCN(s) | -184.5 | |||
CaCO3(s, aragonite) | -1207.8 | -1128.2 | 88 | 82.3 |
CaCO3(s, calcite) | -1207.6 | -1129.1 | 91.7 | 83.5 |
CaF2(s) | -1228.0 | -1175.6 | 68.5 | 67.0 |
CaH2(s) | -181.5 | -142.5 | 41.4 | 41.0 |
CaI2(s) | -533.5 | -528.9 | 142 | |
CaO(s) | -634.9 | -603.3 | 38.1 | 42.0 |
CaSO4(s) | -1434.5 | -1322.0 | 106.5 | 99.7 |
Cd(g) | 111.8 | — | 167.7 | 20.8 |
Cd(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.8 | 26.0 |
CdBr2(s) | -316.2 | -296.3 | 137.2 | 76.7 |
CdCl2(s) | -391.5 | -343.9 | 115.3 | 74.7 |
CdCO3(s) | -750.6 | -669.4 | 92.5 | |
CdF2(s) | -700.4 | -647.7 | 77.4 | |
CdS(s) | -161.9 | -156.5 | 64.9 | |
CdSO4(s) | -933.3 | -822.7 | 123.0 | 99.6 |
Cl-(aq) | -167.1 | -131.2 | 56.6 | |
Cl(g) | 121.3 | 105.3 | 165.2 | 21.8 |
Cl2(g) | 0 | 0 | 223.1 | 33.9 |
ClF(g) | -50.3 | -51.8 | 217.9 | 32.1 |
ClF3(g) | -163.2 | -123.0 | 281.6 | 63.9 |
ClO2(g) | 89.1 | 105 | 263.7 | 46.0 |
Cl2O(g) | 80.3 | 97.9 | 266.2 | 45.4 |
Co(g) | 424.7 | 380.3 | 179.5 | 23.0 |
Co(s) | 0 | 0 | 30 | 24.8 |
CoCl2(s) | -312.5 | -269.8 | 109.2 | 78.5 |
Cr(g) | 396.6 | 351.8 | 174.5 | 20.8 |
Cr(s) | 0 | 0 | 23.8 | 23.4 |
Cr2O3(s) | -1139.7 | -1058.1 | 81.2 | 118.7 |
CrCl2(s) | -395.4 | -356 | 115.3 | 71.2 |
CrCl3(s) | -556.5 | -486.1 | 123 | 91.8 |
CrO2(g) | -598 | |||
CrO3(g) | -292.9 | — | 266.2 | 56.0 |
Cs(g) | 76.5 | 49.6 | 175.6 | 20.8 |
Cs(s) | 0 | 0 | 85.2 | 32.2 |
CsCl(s) | -443.0 | -414.5 | 101.2 | 52.5 |
Cu(g) | 337.4 | 297.7 | 166.4 | 20.8 |
Cu(s) | 0 | 0 | 33.2 | 24.2 |
Cu2O(s) | -168.6 | -146.0 | 93.1 | 63.6 |
CuO(s) | -157.3 | -129.7 | 42.6 | |
Cu2S(s) | -79.5 | -86.2 | 120.9 | 76.3 |
CuS(s) | -53.1 | -53.6 | 66.5 | 47.8 |
CuSO4(s) | -771.4 | -662.2 | 109.2 | |
CuBr(s) | -104.6 | -100.8 | 96.1 | 54.7 |
CuBr2(s) | -141.8 | |||
CuCl(s) | -137.2 | -119.9 | 86.2 | 48.5 |
CuCl2(s) | -220.1 | -175.7 | 108.1 | 71.9 |
CuCN(s) | 96.2 | 111.3 | 84.5 | |
F-(aq) | -335.4 | -278.8 | -13.8 | |
F(g) | 79.4 | 62.3 | 158.8 | 22.7 |
F2(g) | 0 | 0 | 202.8 | 32.3 |
F2O(g) | 24.5 | 41.8 | 247.5 | 43.3 |
FO(g) | 109 | 105.3 | 216.4 | 32.0 |
FB(g) | -122.2 | -149.8 | 200.5 | 58.6 |
Fe(g) | 416.3 | 370.7 | 180.5 | 25.7 |
Fe(s) | 0 | 0 | 27.3 | 25.1 |
FeO(s) | -272.0 | -251.4 | 60.7 | |
Fe2+(aq) | -89.1 | -78.9 | -137.7 | |
Fe2O3(s) | -824.2 | -742.2 | 87.4 | 103.9 |
Fe3+(aq) | -48.5 | -4.7 | -315.9 | |
Fe3O4(s) | -1118.4 | -1015.4 | 146.4 | 143.4 |
FeCO3(s) | -740.6 | -666.7 | 92.9 | 82.1 |
FeS2(s) | -178.2 | -166.9 | 52.9 | 62.2 |
FeCl2(s) | -341.8 | -302.3 | 118 | 75.7 |
FeCl3(s) | -399.5 | -334.0 | 142.3 | 96.7 |
FeBr2(s) | -249.8 | -238.1 | 140.6 | |
FeBr3(s) | -268.2 | |||
Fe3C(s) | 25.1 | 20.1 | 104.6 | 105.9 |
H(g) | 218.0 | 203.3 | 114.7 | 20.8 |
H+(aq) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
H2(g) | 0 | 0 | 130.7 | 28.8 |
H2O(g) | -241.8 | -228.6 | 188.8 | 33.6 |
H2O(l) | -285.8 | -237.1 | 70.0 | 75.3 |
H2O2(g) | -136.3 | -105.6 | 232.7 | 43.1 |
H2O2(l) | -187.8 | -120.4 | 109.6 | 89.1 |
H2S(g) | -20.6 | -33.4 | 205.8 | 34.2 |
H2Se(g) | 29.7 | 15.9 | 219 | 34.7 |
H2SO4(aq) | -909.3 | -744.5 | 20.1 | |
H2SO4(l) | -814.0 | -690.0 | 156.9 | 138.9 |
H3PO4(l) | -1271.7 | -1123.6 | 150.8 | 145.0 |
H3PO4(s) | -1284.4 | -1124.3 | 110.5 | 106.1 |
HBr(aq) | -121.6 | -104.0 | 82.4 | |
HBr(g) | -36.3 | -53.4 | 198.7 | 29.1 |
HCl(aq) | -167.2 | -131.2 | 56.5 | |
HCl(g) | -92.3 | -95.3 | 186.9 | 29.1 |
HCN(g) | 135.1 | 124.7 | 201.8 | 35.9 |
HCN(l) | 108.9 | 125 | 112.8 | 70.6 |
HF(aq) | -332.6 | -278.8 | -13.8 | |
HF(g) | -273.3 | -275.4 | 173.8 | |
HI(aq) | -55.2 | -51.6 | 111.3 | |
HI(g) | 26.5 | 1.7 | 206.6 | 29.2 |
HNO2(g) | -79.5 | -46.0 | 254.1 | |
HNO3(aq) | -207.4 | -111.3 | 146.4 | |
HNO3(g) | -133.9 | -73.5 | 266.9 | 54.1 |
HNO3(l) | -174.1 | -80.7 | 155.6 | 109.9 |
He(g) | 0 | 0 | 126.2 | 20.8 |
Hg(g) | 61.4 | 31.8 | 175 | |
Hg(l) | 0 | 0 | 75.9 | 28.0 |
Hg2(g) | 108.8 | 68.2 | 288.1 | |
HgO(s) | -90.8 | -58.5 | 70.3 | 44.1 |
HgS(s, red) | -58.2 | -50.6 | 82.4 | 48.4 |
Hg2SO4(s) | -743.1 | -625.8 | 200.7 | 132.0 |
HgSO4(s) | -707.5 | |||
Hg2Cl2(s) | -265.4 | -210.7 | 191.6 | 191.6 |
HgCl2(s) | -224.3 | -178.6 | 146.0 | 146.0 |
Hg2Br2(s) | -206.9 | -181.1 | 218.0 | 218.0 |
HgBr2(s) | -170.7 | -153.1 | 172.0 | 172.0 |
Hg2I2(s) | -121.3 | -111 | 233.5 | 233.5 |
HgI2(s) | -105.4 | -101.7 | 180.0 | 180.0 |
I-(aq) | -56.8 | -51.6 | 106.5 | |
I(g) | 106.8 | 70.2 | 180.8 | 20.8 |
I2(g) | 62.4 | 19.3 | 260.7 | 36.9 |
I2(s) | 0 | 0 | 116.1 | 54.4 |
HIO3(s) | -230.1 | |||
IBr(g) | 40.8 | 3.7 | 258.8 | 36.4 |
ICl(g) | 17.8 | -5.5 | 247.6 | 35.6 |
IF(g) | -95.7 | -118.5 | 236.2 | 33.4 |
K(g) | 89.0 | 60.5 | 160.3 | 20.8 |
K(s) | 0 | 0 | 64.7 | 29.6 |
K2CO3(s) | -1151.0 | -1063.5 | 155.5 | 114.4 |
K2O(s) | -361.5 | -322.1 | 94.1 | |
K2O2(s) | -494.1 | -425.1 | 102.1 | |
K2SO4(s) | -1437.8 | -1321.4 | 175.6 | 131.5 |
KBr(s) | -393.8 | -380.7 | 95.9 | 52.3 |
KCl(s) | -436.5 | -408.5 | 82.6 | 51.3 |
KF(s) | -567.3 | -537.8 | 66.6 | 49.0 |
KI(s) | -327.9 | -324.9 | 106.3 | 52.9 |
KClO3(s) | -397.7 | -296.3 | 143.1 | 100.3 |
KMnO4(s) | -837.2 | -737.6 | 171.7 | 117.6 |
KNO2(s) | -369.8 | -306.6 | 152.1 | 107.4 |
KNO3(s) | -494.6 | -394.9 | 133.1 | 96.4 |
KSCN(s) | -200.2 | -178.3 | 124.3 | 88.5 |
Kr(g) | 0 | 0 | 164.1 | 20.8 |
Li(g) | 159.3 | 126.6 | 138.8 | 20.8 |
Li(s) | 0 | 0 | 29.1 | 24.9 |
Li+(aq) | -278.5 | -293.3 | 12.4 | |
Li2O(s) | -597.9 | -561.2 | 37.6 | 54.1 |
LiOH(s) | -487.5 | -441.5 | 42.8 | 49.6 |
LiNO3(s) | -483.1 | -381.1 | 90.0 | |
LiBr(s) | -351.2 | -342 | 74.3 | |
LiCl(s) | -408.6 | -384.4 | 59.3 | 48.0 |
LiF(s) | -616 | -587.7 | 35.7 | 41.6 |
LiI(s) | -270.4 | -270.3 | 86.8 | 51.0 |
Mg(g) | 147.1 | 112.5 | 148.6 | 20.8 |
Mg(s) | 0 | 0 | 32.7 | 24.9 |
MgO(s) | -601.6 | -569.3 | 27.0 | 37.2 |
Mg(OH)2(s) | -924.5 | -833.5 | 63.2 | 77.0 |
MgS(s) | -346.0 | -341.8 | 50.3 | 45.6 |
MgSO4(s) | -1284.9 | -1170.6 | 91.6 | 96.5 |
MgBr2(s) | -524.3 | -503.8 | 117.2 | |
MgCl2(s) | -641.3 | -591.8 | 89.6 | 71.4 |
MgF2(s) | -1124.2 | -1071.1 | 57.2 | 61.6 |
Mn(g) | 280.7 | 238.5 | 173.7 | 20.8 |
Mn(s) | 0 | 0 | 32 | 26.3 |
MnO(s) | -385.2 | -362.9 | 59.7 | 45.4 |
MnO2(s) | -520.0 | -465.1 | 53.1 | 54.1 |
MnO4-(aq) | -541.4 | -447.2 | 191.2 | |
MnBr2(s) | -384.9 | |||
MnCl2(s) | -481.3 | -440.5 | 118.2 | 72.9 |
Mo(g) | 658.1 | 612.5 | 182 | 20.8 |
Mo(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.7 | 24.1 |
MoO2(s) | -588.9 | -533.0 | 46.3 | 56.0 |
MoO3(s) | -745.1 | -668.0 | 77.7 | 75.0 |
MoS2(s) | -235.1 | -225.9 | 62.6 | 63.6 |
MoS3(s) | -364 | -354 | 119 | |
N(g) | 472.7 | 455.5 | 153.3 | 20.8 |
N2(g) | 0 | 0 | 191.6 | 29.1 |
NF3(g) | -132.1 | -90.6 | 260.8 | 53.4 |
NH3(g) | -45.9 | -16.4 | 192.8 | 35.1 |
NH4+(aq) | -133.3 | -79.3 | 111.2 | |
NH4Cl(s) | -314.4 | -202.9 | 94.6 | 84.1 |
NH4NO3(s) | -365.6 | -183.9 | 151.1 | 139.3 |
NH4OH(l) | -361.2 | -254.0 | 165.6 | 154.9 |
(NH4)2SO4(s) | -1180.9 | -901.7 | 220.1 | 187.5 |
N2H4(g) | 95.4 | 159.4 | 238.5 | |
N2H4(l) | 50.6 | 149.3 | 121.2 | |
NO2(g) | 33.2 | 51.3 | 240.1 | 37.2 |
N2O(g) | 81.6 | 103.7 | 220 | 38.6 |
NO(g) | 91.3 | 87.6 | 210.8 | |
N2O4(g) | 11.1 | 99.8 | 304.4 | 79.2 |
N2O4(l) | -19.5 | 97.5 | 209.2 | 142.7 |
Na(g) | 107.5 | 77 | 153.7 | 20.8 |
Na(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.3 | 28.2 |
Na+(aq) | -240.2 | -261.9 | 58.5 | |
Na2CO3(s) | -1130.7 | -1044.4 | 135 | 112.3 |
Na2O(s) | -414.2 | -375.5 | 75.1 | 69.1 |
Na2O2(s) | -510.9 | -447.7 | 95 | 89.2 |
Na2SO4(s) | -1387.1 | -1270.2 | 149.6 | 128.2 |
NaBr(aq) | -361.7 | -365.8 | 141.4 | |
NaBr(g) | -143.1 | -177.1 | 241.2 | 36.3 |
NaBr(s) | -361.1 | -349.0 | 86.8 | 51.4 |
NaCl(aq) | -407.3 | -393.1 | 115.5 | |
NaCl(s) | -411.2 | -384.1 | 72.1 | 50.5 |
NaCN(s) | -87.5 | -76.4 | 115.6 | 70.4 |
NaF(aq) | -572.8 | -540.7 | 45.2 | |
NaF(s) | -576.6 | -546.3 | 51.1 | 46.9 |
NaN3(s) | 21.7 | 93.8 | 96.9 | 76.6 |
NaNO3(aq) | -447.5 | -373.2 | 205.4 | |
NaNO3(s) | -467.9 | -367.0 | 116.5 | 92.9 |
NaO2(s) | -260.2 | -218.4 | 115.9 | 72.1 |
NaOH(s) | -425.8 | -379.7 | 64.4 | 59.5 |
NaH(s) | -56.3 | -33.6 | 40 | 36.4 |
Ne(g) | 0 | 0 | 146.3 | 20.8 |
Ni(g) | 429.7 | 384.5 | 182.2 | 23.4 |
Ni(s) | 0 | 0 | 29.9 | 26.1 |
Ni2O3(s) | -489.5 | |||
Ni(OH)2(s) | -529.7 | -447.2 | 88 | |
NiBr2(s) | -212.1 | |||
NiCl2(s) | -305.3 | -259.0 | 97.7 | 71.7 |
NiF2(s) | -651.4 | -604.1 | 73.6 | 64.1 |
O(g) | 249.2 | 231.7 | 161.1 | 21.9 |
O2(g) | 0 | 0 | 205.2 | 29.4 |
O3(g) | 142.7 | 163.2 | 238.9 | 39.2 |
OH-(aq) | -230.0 | -157.2 | -10.9 | |
Os(g) | 791 | 745 | 192.6 | 20.8 |
Os(s) | 0 | 0 | 32.6 | 24.7 |
OsO4(g) | -337.2 | -292.8 | 293.8 | 74.1 |
OsO4(s) | -394.1 | -304.9 | 143.9 | |
P(g, white) | 316.5 | 280.1 | 163.2 | 20.8 |
P(s, black) | -39.3 | |||
P(s, red) | -17.6 | -12.5 | 22.8 | 21.2 |
P(s, white) | 0 | 0 | 41.1 | 23.8 |
P2(g) | 144.0 | 103.5 | 218.1 | |
P4(g) | 58.9 | 24.4 | 280.0 | |
PCl3(g) | -287.0 | -267.8 | 311.8 | 71.8 |
PCl3(l) | -319.7 | -272.3 | 217.1 | |
PCl5(g) | -374.9 | -305.0 | 364.6 | 112.8 |
PH3(g) | 5.4 | 13.5 | 210.2 | 37.1 |
POCl3(g) | -558.5 | -512.9 | 325.5 | |
POCl3(l) | -597.1 | -520.8 | 222.5 | |
Pb(g) | 195.2 | 162.2 | 175.4 | 20.8 |
Pb(s) | 0 | 0 | 64.8 | 26.8 |
PbCl2(s) | -359.4 | -314.1 | 136 | |
PbCO3(s) | -699.1 | -625.5 | 131 | 87.4 |
PbO(s, red or litharge) | -219.0 | -188.9 | 66.5 | 45.8 |
PbO(s, yellow or massicot) | -217.3 | -187.9 | 68.7 | 45.8 |
PbO2(s) | -277.4 | -217.3 | 68.6 | 64.6 |
Pb(NO3)2(aq) | -416.3 | -246.9 | 303.3 | |
Pb(NO3)2(s) | -451.9 | |||
PbS(s) | -100.4 | -98.7 | 91.2 | 49.5 |
PbSO4(s) | -920.0 | -813.0 | 148.5 | 103.2 |
Rb(g) | 80.9 | 53.1 | 170.1 | 20.8 |
Rb(s) | 0 | 0 | 76.8 | 31.1 |
RbCl(s) | -435.4 | -407.8 | 95.9 | 52.4 |
S(g, rhombic) | 277.2 | 236.7 | 167.8 | 23.7 |
S(s, rhombic) | 0 | 0 | 32.1 | 22.6 |
SO2(g) | -296.8 | -300.1 | 248.2 | 39.9 |
SO3(g) | -395.7 | -371.1 | 256.8 | 50.7 |
SO42-(aq) | -909.3 | -744.5 | 18.5 | |
SOCl2(g) | -212.5 | -198.3 | 309.8 | |
Se(g, gray) | 227.1 | 187 | 176.7 | |
Se(s, gray) | 0 | 0 | 42.4 | 25.4 |
Si(g) | 450 | 405.5 | 168.0 | 22.3 |
Si(s) | 0 | 0 | 18.8 | 20.0 |
SiC(s, cubic) | -65.3 | -62.8 | 16.6 | 26.9 |
SiC(s, hexagonal) | -62.8 | -60.2 | 16.5 | 26.7 |
SiCl4(g) | -657.0 | -617.0 | 330.7 | |
SiCl4(l) | -687.0 | -619.8 | 239.7 | |
SiH4(g) | 34.3 | 56.9 | 204.6 | 42.8 |
Sn(g, white) | 301 | 266.2 | 168.5 | 21.3 |
Sn(s, gray) | -2.1 | 0.1 | 44.1 | 25.8 |
Sn(s, white) | 0 | 0 | 51.2 | 27.0 |
SnCl4(g) | -471.5 | -432.2 | 365.8 | 98.3 |
SnCl4(l) | -511.3 | -440.1 | 258.6 | 165.3 |
SnO2(s) | -557.6 | -515.8 | 49 | 52.6 |
Ti(g) | 473 | 428.4 | 180.3 | 24.4 |
Ti(s) | 0 | 0 | 30.7 | 25.1 |
TiCl2(s) | -513.8 | -464.4 | 87.4 | 69.8 |
TiCl3(s) | -720.9 | -653.5 | 139.7 | 97.2 |
TiCl4(g) | -763 | -726.3 | 353 | 95.4 |
TiCl4(l) | -804.2 | -737.2 | 252.3 | 145.2 |
TiO2(s) | -944.0 | -888.8 | 50.6 | 55.0 |
U(g) | 533 | 488.4 | 199.8 | 23.7 |
U(s) | 0 | 0 | 50.2 | 27.7 |
UF4(g) | -1598.7 | -1572.7 | 368 | 91.2 |
UF4(s) | -1914.2 | -1823.3 | 151.7 | 116.0 |
UF6(g) | -2147.4 | -2063.7 | 377.9 | 129.6 |
UF6(s) | -2197.0 | -2068.5 | 227.6 | 166.8 |
UO2(g) | -465.7 | -471.5 | 274.6 | 51.4 |
UO2(s) | -1085.0 | -1031.8 | 77.0 | 63.6 |
V(g) | 514.2 | 754.4 | 182.3 | 26.0 |
V(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.9 | 24.9 |
V2O5(s) | -1550.6 | -1419.5 | 131.0 | 127.7 |
VCl3(s) | -580.7 | -511.2 | 131.0 | 93.2 |
VCl4(g) | -525.5 | -492.0 | 362.4 | 96.2 |
VCl4(l) | -569.4 | -503.7 | 255.0 | |
Xe(g) | 0 | 0 | 169.7 | 20.8 |
Zn(g) | 130.4 | 94.8 | 161.0 | 20.8 |
Zn(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.6 | 25.4 |
ZnBr2(s) | -328.7 | -312.1 | 138.5 | |
ZnCl2(s) | -415.1 | -369.4 | 111.5 | 71.3 |
ZnF2(s) | -764.4 | -713.3 | 73.7 | 65.7 |
ZnI2(s) | -208.0 | -209.0 | 161.1 | |
Zn(NO3)2(s) | -483.7 | |||
ZnS(s, sphalerite) | -206.0 | -201.3 | 57.7 | 46.0 |
ZnSO4(s) | -982.8 | -871.5 | 110.5 | 99.2 |
Zr(g) | 608.8 | 566.5 | 181.4 | 26.7 |
Zr(s) | 0 | 0 | 39 | 25.4 |
ZrCl2(s) | -502.0 | -386 | 110 | |
ZrCl4(s) | -980.5 | -889.9 | 181.6 | 119.8 |
For conversion of units, use the Specific heat online unit converter.
See also tabulated values of specific heat capacity of gases, food and foodstuff, metals and semimetals, common liquids and fluids, common solids, and other common substances as well as values of molar heat capacity of common organic substances.
The specific heat capacity can be calculated from the molar heat capacity, and vise versa:
cp = Cp / M and
Cp = cp . M
where
cp = specific heat capacity
Cp = molar heat capacity
M = molar weight of the actual substance (g/mol).
Basic engineering data. SI-system, unit converters, physical constants, drawing scales and more.
Properties of gases, fluids and solids. Densities, specific heats, viscosities and more.
Work, heat and energy systems.
The First Law of Thermodynamics simply states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed (conservation of energy). Thus power generation processes and energy sources actually involve conversion of energy from one form to another, rather than creation of energy from nothing.
Entropy and disorder.
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of acetone, also called 2-propanone, dimethyl ketone and pyroacetic acid. Phase diagram included.
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of benzene, also called benzol. Phase diagram included.
Heat of combustion (energy content) for som common substances - with examples how to calculate heat of combustion.
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of ethylene, also called ethene, acetene and olefiant gas. Phase diagram included.
The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance by one degree.
Heat vs. work vs. energy.
Physical constants for more than 280 common inorganic compounds. Density is given for the actual state at 25°C and for liquid phase at melting point temperature.
Specific heat of commonly used metals like aluminum, iron, mercury and many more - imperial and SI units.
The standard enthalpy of formation, Gibbs energy of formation, entropy and molar heat capacity are tabulated for more than hundred organic substances.
Standardized enthalpies and entropies for some common substances.
Enthalpy of steam superheated to temperatures above it's boiling point.
Internationally agreed, internally consistent, values for the thermodynamic properties (standard enthalpy of formation, entropy and [H°(298)-H°(0)]) of key chemical substances.
Definition and examples of calculation of weighted average bed temperature in adiabatic reactors.
Wet steam, dryness fraction and enthalpy.
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