Standard State and Enthalpy of Formation, Gibbs Free Energy of Formation, Entropy and Heat Capacity
The term standard state is used to describe a reference state for substances, and is a help in thermodynamical calculations (as enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy calculations). The superscript degree symbol (°) indicates that substances are in their standard states. (ΔH°, ΔG°, S°.....)
Definitions of standard states:
- For a gas, the standard state is as a pure gaseous substance as a (hypothetical) ideal gas at a pressure of exactly 1 bar.
- For a substance present in a solution, the standard state is a concentration of exactly 1 M at an applied pressure of 1 bar, but exhibiting infinite-dilution behavior. (Hence taking infinite-dilution behavior to be the standard state allows corrections for non-ideality to be made consistently for all the different solutes.)
- For a pure substance in a condensed state (liquid or solid), the standard state is the pure liquid or solid under 1 bar pressure.
- For an element the standard state is the form in which the element exists (is more stable) under condition of 1 bar and at the temperature of interest (usually 25°C).
- ΔH0f for an element in its standard state is zero. Thus, elements in their standard states are not included in the ΔHreaction calculations.
Note! Standard state is NOT the same as standard temperature and pressure (STP) for a gas, and must not be confused with this term.
Enthalpy is a state function, defined by the internal energy (E), the pressure (P) and volume (V) of a system:
H = E + PV and ΔH = ΔE + Δ(PV)
For enthalpy, there are no method to determine absolute values, only enthalpy changes (ΔH values) can be measured. Then it is important to have a common and well defined reference state. Since enthalpy is a state function, a change in enthalpy does not depend on the pathway between two states.
Hess's law: In going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps.
At constant pressure: ΔH = qp (qp = heat from or to the chemical system at constant pressure, q is also called heat of reaction)
Exothermic reaction: negative ΔH (heat transferred to the surroundings from the system)
Endothermic reaction: positive ΔH (heat adsorbed by the system from the surroundings)
The standard enthalpy of formation (ΔH0f) of a compound is the change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a compound from its elements with all substances in their standard states.
The table below shows the standard enthalpy of formation, the standard Gibbs free energy of formation, standard entropy and molar heat capacity at constant pressure of several inorganic compounds.
See also Standard enthalpy of formation, Gibbs free energy of formation, entropy and molar heat capacity of organic substances and Thermodyamics key values internationally agreed for tabulation of more of the same type of values
| Substance | ΔH0f @25°C (kJ/mol) |
ΔG0f @25°C (kJ/mol) |
S0 @25°C (J/(molK)) |
Cp @25°C J/(mol K) |
| Ag(g) | 284.9 | 246 | 173 | 20.8 |
| Ag(s) | 0 | 0 | 42.6 | 25.4 |
| Ag+(aq) | 105.8 | 77.1 | 73.5 | |
| AgCN(s) | 146 | 156.9 | 107.2 | 66.7 |
| Ag2CO3(s) | -505.8 | -436.8 | 167.4 | 112.3 |
| AgNO3(s) | -124.4 | -33.4 | 140.9 | 93.1 |
| Ag2O(s) | -31.1 | -11.2 | 121.3 | 65.9 |
| Ag2S(s) | -32.6 | -40.7 | 144 | 76.5 |
| AgBr(s) | -100.4 | -96.9 | 107.1 | 52.4 |
| AgCl(s) | -127.0 | -109.8 | 96.3 | 50.8 |
| AgF(s) | -204.6 | -187 | 84 | |
| AgI(s) | -61.8 | -66.2 | 115.5 | 56.8 |
| Al(g) | 330 | 289.4 | 164.6 | 21.4 |
| Al(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.3 | 24.2 |
| Al2O3(s) | -1675.7 | -1582.3 | 50.9 | 79.0 |
| AlF3(s) | -1510.4 | -1431.1 | 66.5 | 75.1 |
| AlI3(s) | -302.9 | 195.9 | ||
| AlBr3(s) | -527.2 | 180.2 | 100.6 | |
| AlCl3(s) | -704.5 | -628.11 | 112.3 | 91.1 |
| Al(OH)3(s) | -1277 | |||
| Al(OH)4-(aq) | -1490 | -1297 | 117 | |
| AlPO4(s) | -1733.8 | -1617.9 | 90.8 | 93.2 |
| Ar(g) | 0 | 154.9 | 20.8 | |
| B(s) | 0 | 0 | 5.9 | 11.1 |
| B(g) | 565 | 521.0 | 153.4 | 20.8 |
| BH(g) | 442.7 | 412.7 | 171.8 | 29.2 |
| BH3(g) | 89.2 | 93.3 | 188.2 | 36.0 |
| B2S3(s) | -240.6 | 100.0 | 111.7 | |
| Ba(g) | 180 | 146 | 170.2 | |
| Ba(s) | 0 | 0 | 62.5 | 28.1 |
| BaCO3(s) | -1213.0 | -1134.4 | 112.1 | 86.0 |
| BaH2(s) | -177 | -138.2 | 63.0 | |
| BaBr2(s) | -757.3 | -736.8 | 146.0 | |
| BaCl2(s) | -855 | -806.7 | 123.7 | 75.1 |
| BaF2(s) | -1207.1 | -1156.8 | 96.4 | 71.2 |
| BaI2(s) | -602.1 | -597 | 167.0 | |
| BaO(s) | -548.0 | -520.3 | 72.1 | 47.3 |
| BaSO4(s) | -1473.2 | -1362.2 | 132.2 | 101.8 |
| Be(g) | 324 | 286.6 | 136.3 | 20.8 |
| Be(s) | 0 | 0 | 9.5 | 13.4 |
| BeBr2(s) | -353.5 | 108 | 69.4 | |
| BeCl2(s) | -490.4 | -445.6 | 75.8 | 62.4 |
| BeF2(s) | -1026.8 | -979.4 | 53.4 | 51.8 |
| BeI2(s) | -192.5 | 121 | 71.1 | |
| BeO(s) | -609.4 | -580.1 | 13.8 | 25.6 |
| Be(OH)2(s) | -902.5 | -815.0 | 45.5 | 62.1 |
| BeSO4(s) | -1205.2 | -1093.8 | 77.9 | 85.7 |
| Bi(g) | 207.1 | 168.2 | 187 | 20.8 |
| Bi(s) | 0 | 0 | 56.7 | 25.5 |
| Bi2O3(s) | -573.9 | -493.7 | 151.5 | 113.5 |
| BiCl3(s) | -379.1 | -315.0 | 177.0 | 105.0 |
| Br-(aq) | -121.4 | -104.0 | 82.6 | |
| Br(g) | 111.9 | 82.4 | 175 | 20.8 |
| Br2(g) | 30.9 | 3.1 | 245.5 | 36.0 |
| Br2(l) | 0 | 0 | 152.2 | 75.7 |
| BrCl(g) | 14.6 | -1 | 240.1 | 35.0 |
| BrF(g) | -93.8 | -109.2 | 229 | 33.0 |
| BrF3(g) | -1136 | 1119.4 | 254.4 | 66.6 |
| C(g) | 716.7 | 671.3 | 158.1 | 0.8 |
| C(s, diamond) | 1.9 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 6.1 |
| C(s, graphite) | 0 | 0 | 5.7 | 8.5 |
| CBr4(g) | 83.9 | 67 | 358.1 | |
| CBr4(s) | 29.4 | 47.7 | 212.5 | |
| CCl2F2(g) | -477.4 | -439.4 | 300.8 | |
| CCl2O(g) | -219.1 | -204.9 | 283.5 | |
| CCl4(g) | -95.7 | -53.6 | 309.9 | |
| CCl4(l) | -128.2 | -62.6 | 216.2 | |
| CF4(g) | -933.6 | -888.3 | 261.6 | |
| CS2(g) | 116.7 | 67.1 | 237.8 | 45.4 |
| CS2(l) | 89 | 64.6 | 151.3 | 76.4 |
| CO(g) | -110.5 | -137.2 | 197.7 | 29.1 |
| CO2(g) | -393.5 | -394.4 | 213.8 | 37.1 |
| Ca(g) | 177.8 | 144 | 154.9 | 20.8 |
| Ca(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.6 | 25.9 |
| Ca(OH)2(s) | -985.2 | -897.5 | 83.4 | 87.5 |
| CaBr2(s) | -682.8 | -663.6 | 130 | |
| CaCl2(s) | -795.4 | -748.8 | 108.4 | 72.9 |
| CaCN(s) | -184.5 | |||
| CaCO3(s, aragonite) | -1207.8 | -1128.2 | 88 | 82.3 |
| CaCO3(s, calcite) | -1207.6 | -1129.1 | 91.7 | 83.5 |
| CaF2(s) | -1228.0 | -1175.6 | 68.5 | 67.0 |
| CaH2(s) | -181.5 | -142.5 | 41.4 | 41.0 |
| CaI2(s) | -533.5 | -528.9 | 142 | |
| CaO(s) | -634.9 | -603.3 | 38.1 | 42.0 |
| CaSO4(s) | -1434.5 | -1322.0 | 106.5 | 99.7 |
| Cd(g) | 111.8 | — | 167.7 | 20.8 |
| Cd(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.8 | 26.0 |
| CdBr2(s) | -316.2 | -296.3 | 137.2 | 76.7 |
| CdCl2(s) | -391.5 | -343.9 | 115.3 | 74.7 |
| CdCO3(s) | -750.6 | -669.4 | 92.5 | |
| CdF2(s) | -700.4 | -647.7 | 77.4 | |
| CdS(s) | -161.9 | -156.5 | 64.9 | |
| CdSO4(s) | -933.3 | -822.7 | 123.0 | 99.6 |
| Cl-(aq) | -167.1 | -131.2 | 56.6 | |
| Cl(g) | 121.3 | 105.3 | 165.2 | 21.8 |
| Cl2(g) | 0 | 0 | 223.1 | 33.9 |
| ClF(g) | -50.3 | -51.8 | 217.9 | 32.1 |
| ClF3(g) | -163.2 | -123.0 | 281.6 | 63.9 |
| ClO2(g) | 89.1 | 105 | 263.7 | 46.0 |
| Cl2O(g) | 80.3 | 97.9 | 266.2 | 45.4 |
| Co(g) | 424.7 | 380.3 | 179.5 | 23.0 |
| Co(s) | 0 | 0 | 30 | 24.8 |
| CoCl2(s) | -312.5 | -269.8 | 109.2 | 78.5 |
| Cr(g) | 396.6 | 351.8 | 174.5 | 20.8 |
| Cr(s) | 0 | 0 | 23.8 | 23.4 |
| Cr2O3(s) | -1139.7 | -1058.1 | 81.2 | 118.7 |
| CrCl2(s) | -395.4 | -356 | 115.3 | 71.2 |
| CrCl3(s) | -556.5 | -486.1 | 123 | 91.8 |
| CrO2(g) | -598 | |||
| CrO3(g) | -292.9 | — | 266.2 | 56.0 |
| Cs(g) | 76.5 | 49.6 | 175.6 | 20.8 |
| Cs(s) | 0 | 0 | 85.2 | 32.2 |
| CsCl(s) | -443.0 | -414.5 | 101.2 | 52.5 |
| Cu(g) | 337.4 | 297.7 | 166.4 | 20.8 |
| Cu(s) | 0 | 0 | 33.2 | 24.2 |
| Cu2O(s) | -168.6 | -146.0 | 93.1 | 63.6 |
| CuO(s) | -157.3 | -129.7 | 42.6 | |
| Cu2S(s) | -79.5 | -86.2 | 120.9 | 76.3 |
| CuS(s) | -53.1 | -53.6 | 66.5 | 47.8 |
| CuSO4(s) | -771.4 | -662.2 | 109.2 | |
| CuBr(s) | -104.6 | -100.8 | 96.1 | 54.7 |
| CuBr2(s) | -141.8 | |||
| CuCl(s) | -137.2 | -119.9 | 86.2 | 48.5 |
| CuCl2(s) | -220.1 | -175.7 | 108.1 | 71.9 |
| CuCN(s) | 96.2 | 111.3 | 84.5 | |
| F-(aq) | -335.4 | -278.8 | -13.8 | |
| F(g) | 79.4 | 62.3 | 158.8 | 22.7 |
| F2(g) | 0 | 0 | 202.8 | 32.3 |
| F2O(g) | 24.5 | 41.8 | 247.5 | 43.3 |
| FO(g) | 109 | 105.3 | 216.4 | 32.0 |
| FB(g) | -122.2 | -149.8 | 200.5 | 58.6 |
| Fe(g) | 416.3 | 370.7 | 180.5 | 25.7 |
| Fe(s) | 0 | 0 | 27.3 | 25.1 |
| FeO(s) | -272.0 | -251.4 | 60.7 | |
| Fe2+(aq) | -89.1 | -78.9 | -137.7 | |
| Fe2O3(s) | -824.2 | -742.2 | 87.4 | 103.9 |
| Fe3+(aq) | -48.5 | -4.7 | -315.9 | |
| Fe3O4(s) | -1118.4 | -1015.4 | 146.4 | 143.4 |
| FeCO3(s) | -740.6 | -666.7 | 92.9 | 82.1 |
| FeS2(s) | -178.2 | -166.9 | 52.9 | 62.2 |
| FeCl2(s) | -341.8 | -302.3 | 118 | 75.7 |
| FeCl3(s) | -399.5 | -334.0 | 142.3 | 96.7 |
| FeBr2(s) | -249.8 | -238.1 | 140.6 | |
| FeBr3(s) | -268.2 | |||
| Fe3C(s) | 25.1 | 20.1 | 104.6 | 105.9 |
| H(g) | 218.0 | 203.3 | 114.7 | 20.8 |
| H+(aq) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| H2(g) | 0 | 0 | 130.7 | 28.8 |
| H2O(g) | -241.8 | -228.6 | 188.8 | 33.6 |
| H2O(l) | -285.8 | -237.1 | 70.0 | 75.3 |
| H2O2(g) | -136.3 | -105.6 | 232.7 | 43.1 |
| H2O2(l) | -187.8 | -120.4 | 109.6 | 89.1 |
| H2S(g) | -20.6 | -33.4 | 205.8 | 34.2 |
| H2Se(g) | 29.7 | 15.9 | 219 | 34.7 |
| H2SO4(aq) | -909.3 | -744.5 | 20.1 | |
| H2SO4(l) | -814.0 | -690.0 | 156.9 | 138.9 |
| H3PO4(l) | -1271.7 | -1123.6 | 150.8 | 145.0 |
| H3PO4(s) | -1284.4 | -1124.3 | 110.5 | 106.1 |
| HBr(aq) | -121.6 | -104.0 | 82.4 | |
| HBr(g) | -36.3 | -53.4 | 198.7 | 29.1 |
| HCl(aq) | -167.2 | -131.2 | 56.5 | |
| HCl(g) | -92.3 | -95.3 | 186.9 | 29.1 |
| HCN(g) | 135.1 | 124.7 | 201.8 | 35.9 |
| HCN(l) | 108.9 | 125 | 112.8 | 70.6 |
| HF(aq) | -332.6 | -278.8 | -13.8 | |
| HF(g) | -273.3 | -275.4 | 173.8 | |
| HI(aq) | -55.2 | -51.6 | 111.3 | |
| HI(g) | 26.5 | 1.7 | 206.6 | 29.2 |
| HNO2(g) | -79.5 | -46.0 | 254.1 | |
| HNO3(aq) | -207.4 | -111.3 | 146.4 | |
| HNO3(g) | -133.9 | -73.5 | 266.9 | 54.1 |
| HNO3(l) | -174.1 | -80.7 | 155.6 | 109.9 |
| He(g) | 0 | 0 | 126.2 | 20.8 |
| Hg(g) | 61.4 | 31.8 | 175 | |
| Hg(l) | 0 | 0 | 75.9 | 28.0 |
| Hg2(g) | 108.8 | 68.2 | 288.1 | |
| HgO(s) | -90.8 | -58.5 | 70.3 | 44.1 |
| HgS(s, red) | -58.2 | -50.6 | 82.4 | 48.4 |
| Hg2SO4(s) | -743.1 | -625.8 | 200.7 | 132.0 |
| HgSO4(s) | -707.5 | |||
| Hg2Cl2(s) | -265.4 | -210.7 | 191.6 | 191.6 |
| HgCl2(s) | -224.3 | -178.6 | 146.0 | 146.0 |
| Hg2Br2(s) | -206.9 | -181.1 | 218.0 | 218.0 |
| HgBr2(s) | -170.7 | -153.1 | 172.0 | 172.0 |
| Hg2I2(s) | -121.3 | -111 | 233.5 | 233.5 |
| HgI2(s) | -105.4 | -101.7 | 180.0 | 180.0 |
| I-(aq) | -56.8 | -51.6 | 106.5 | |
| I(g) | 106.8 | 70.2 | 180.8 | 20.8 |
| I2(g) | 62.4 | 19.3 | 260.7 | 36.9 |
| I2(s) | 0 | 0 | 116.1 | 54.4 |
| HIO3(s) | -230.1 | |||
| IBr(g) | 40.8 | 3.7 | 258.8 | 36.4 |
| ICl(g) | 17.8 | -5.5 | 247.6 | 35.6 |
| IF(g) | -95.7 | -118.5 | 236.2 | 33.4 |
| K(g) | 89.0 | 60.5 | 160.3 | 20.8 |
| K(s) | 0 | 0 | 64.7 | 29.6 |
| K2CO3(s) | -1151.0 | -1063.5 | 155.5 | 114.4 |
| K2O(s) | -361.5 | -322.1 | 94.1 | |
| K2O2(s) | -494.1 | -425.1 | 102.1 | |
| K2SO4(s) | -1437.8 | -1321.4 | 175.6 | 131.5 |
| KBr(s) | -393.8 | -380.7 | 95.9 | 52.3 |
| KCl(s) | -436.5 | -408.5 | 82.6 | 51.3 |
| KF(s) | -567.3 | -537.8 | 66.6 | 49.0 |
| KI(s) | -327.9 | -324.9 | 106.3 | 52.9 |
| KClO3(s) | -397.7 | -296.3 | 143.1 | 100.3 |
| KMnO4(s) | -837.2 | -737.6 | 171.7 | 117.6 |
| KNO2(s) | -369.8 | -306.6 | 152.1 | 107.4 |
| KNO3(s) | -494.6 | -394.9 | 133.1 | 96.4 |
| KSCN(s) | -200.2 | -178.3 | 124.3 | 88.5 |
| Kr(g) | 0 | 0 | 164.1 | 20.8 |
| Li(g) | 159.3 | 126.6 | 138.8 | 20.8 |
| Li(s) | 0 | 0 | 29.1 | 24.9 |
| Li+(aq) | -278.5 | -293.3 | 12.4 | |
| Li2O(s) | -597.9 | -561.2 | 37.6 | 54.1 |
| LiOH(s) | -487.5 | -441.5 | 42.8 | 49.6 |
| LiNO3(s) | -483.1 | -381.1 | 90.0 | |
| LiBr(s) | -351.2 | -342 | 74.3 | |
| LiCl(s) | -408.6 | -384.4 | 59.3 | 48.0 |
| LiF(s) | -616 | -587.7 | 35.7 | 41.6 |
| LiI(s) | -270.4 | -270.3 | 86.8 | 51.0 |
| Mg(g) | 147.1 | 112.5 | 148.6 | 20.8 |
| Mg(s) | 0 | 0 | 32.7 | 24.9 |
| MgO(s) | -601.6 | -569.3 | 27.0 | 37.2 |
| Mg(OH)2(s) | -924.5 | -833.5 | 63.2 | 77.0 |
| MgS(s) | -346.0 | -341.8 | 50.3 | 45.6 |
| MgSO4(s) | -1284.9 | -1170.6 | 91.6 | 96.5 |
| MgBr2(s) | -524.3 | -503.8 | 117.2 | |
| MgCl2(s) | -641.3 | -591.8 | 89.6 | 71.4 |
| MgF2(s) | -1124.2 | -1071.1 | 57.2 | 61.6 |
| Mn(g) | 280.7 | 238.5 | 173.7 | 20.8 |
| Mn(s) | 0 | 0 | 32 | 26.3 |
| MnO(s) | -385.2 | -362.9 | 59.7 | 45.4 |
| MnO2(s) | -520.0 | -465.1 | 53.1 | 54.1 |
| MnO4-(aq) | -541.4 | -447.2 | 191.2 | |
| MnBr2(s) | -384.9 | |||
| MnCl2(s) | -481.3 | -440.5 | 118.2 | 72.9 |
| Mo(g) | 658.1 | 612.5 | 182 | 20.8 |
| Mo(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.7 | 24.1 |
| MoO2(s) | -588.9 | -533.0 | 46.3 | 56.0 |
| MoO3(s) | -745.1 | -668.0 | 77.7 | 75.0 |
| MoS2(s) | -235.1 | -225.9 | 62.6 | 63.6 |
| MoS3(s) | -364 | -354 | 119 | |
| N(g) | 472.7 | 455.5 | 153.3 | 20.8 |
| N2(g) | 0 | 0 | 191.6 | 29.1 |
| NF3(g) | -132.1 | -90.6 | 260.8 | 53.4 |
| NH3(g) | -45.9 | -16.4 | 192.8 | 35.1 |
| NH4+(aq) | -133.3 | -79.3 | 111.2 | |
| NH4Cl(s) | -314.4 | -202.9 | 94.6 | 84.1 |
| NH4NO3(s) | -365.6 | -183.9 | 151.1 | 139.3 |
| NH4OH(l) | -361.2 | -254.0 | 165.6 | 154.9 |
| (NH4)2SO4(s) | -1180.9 | -901.7 | 220.1 | 187.5 |
| N2H4(g) | 95.4 | 159.4 | 238.5 | |
| N2H4(l) | 50.6 | 149.3 | 121.2 | |
| NO2(g) | 33.2 | 51.3 | 240.1 | 37.2 |
| N2O(g) | 81.6 | 103.7 | 220 | 38.6 |
| NO(g) | 91.3 | 87.6 | 210.8 | |
| N2O4(g) | 11.1 | 99.8 | 304.4 | 79.2 |
| N2O4(l) | -19.5 | 97.5 | 209.2 | 142.7 |
| Na(g) | 107.5 | 77 | 153.7 | 20.8 |
| Na(s) | 0 | 0 | 51.3 | 28.2 |
| Na+(aq) | -240.2 | -261.9 | 58.5 | |
| Na2CO3(s) | -1130.7 | -1044.4 | 135 | 112.3 |
| Na2O(s) | -414.2 | -375.5 | 75.1 | 69.1 |
| Na2O2(s) | -510.9 | -447.7 | 95 | 89.2 |
| Na2SO4(s) | -1387.1 | -1270.2 | 149.6 | 128.2 |
| NaBr(aq) | -361.7 | -365.8 | 141.4 | |
| NaBr(g) | -143.1 | -177.1 | 241.2 | 36.3 |
| NaBr(s) | -361.1 | -349.0 | 86.8 | 51.4 |
| NaCl(aq) | -407.3 | -393.1 | 115.5 | |
| NaCl(s) | -411.2 | -384.1 | 72.1 | 50.5 |
| NaCN(s) | -87.5 | -76.4 | 115.6 | 70.4 |
| NaF(aq) | -572.8 | -540.7 | 45.2 | |
| NaF(s) | -576.6 | -546.3 | 51.1 | 46.9 |
| NaN3(s) | 21.7 | 93.8 | 96.9 | 76.6 |
| NaNO3(aq) | -447.5 | -373.2 | 205.4 | |
| NaNO3(s) | -467.9 | -367.0 | 116.5 | 92.9 |
| NaO2(s) | -260.2 | -218.4 | 115.9 | 72.1 |
| NaOH(s) | -425.8 | -379.7 | 64.4 | 59.5 |
| NaH(s) | -56.3 | -33.6 | 40 | 36.4 |
| Ne(g) | 0 | 0 | 146.3 | 20.8 |
| Ni(g) | 429.7 | 384.5 | 182.2 | 23.4 |
| Ni(s) | 0 | 0 | 29.9 | 26.1 |
| Ni2O3(s) | -489.5 | |||
| Ni(OH)2(s) | -529.7 | -447.2 | 88 | |
| NiBr2(s) | -212.1 | |||
| NiCl2(s) | -305.3 | -259.0 | 97.7 | 71.7 |
| NiF2(s) | -651.4 | -604.1 | 73.6 | 64.1 |
| O(g) | 249.2 | 231.7 | 161.1 | 21.9 |
| O2(g) | 0 | 0 | 205.2 | 29.4 |
| O3(g) | 142.7 | 163.2 | 238.9 | 39.2 |
| OH-(aq) | -230.0 | -157.2 | -10.9 | |
| Os(g) | 791 | 745 | 192.6 | 20.8 |
| Os(s) | 0 | 0 | 32.6 | 24.7 |
| OsO4(g) | -337.2 | -292.8 | 293.8 | 74.1 |
| OsO4(s) | -394.1 | -304.9 | 143.9 | |
| P(g, white) | 316.5 | 280.1 | 163.2 | 20.8 |
| P(s, black) | -39.3 | |||
| P(s, red) | -17.6 | -12.5 | 22.8 | 21.2 |
| P(s, white) | 0 | 0 | 41.1 | 23.8 |
| P2(g) | 144.0 | 103.5 | 218.1 | |
| P4(g) | 58.9 | 24.4 | 280.0 | |
| PCl3(g) | -287.0 | -267.8 | 311.8 | 71.8 |
| PCl3(l) | -319.7 | -272.3 | 217.1 | |
| PCl5(g) | -374.9 | -305.0 | 364.6 | 112.8 |
| PH3(g) | 5.4 | 13.5 | 210.2 | 37.1 |
| POCl3(g) | -558.5 | -512.9 | 325.5 | |
| POCl3(l) | -597.1 | -520.8 | 222.5 | |
| Pb(g) | 195.2 | 162.2 | 175.4 | 20.8 |
| Pb(s) | 0 | 0 | 64.8 | 26.8 |
| PbCl2(s) | -359.4 | -314.1 | 136 | |
| PbCO3(s) | -699.1 | -625.5 | 131 | 87.4 |
| PbO(s, red or litharge) | -219.0 | -188.9 | 66.5 | 45.8 |
| PbO(s, yellow or massicot) | -217.3 | -187.9 | 68.7 | 45.8 |
| PbO2(s) | -277.4 | -217.3 | 68.6 | 64.6 |
| Pb(NO3)2(aq) | -416.3 | -246.9 | 303.3 | |
| Pb(NO3)2(s) | -451.9 | |||
| PbS(s) | -100.4 | -98.7 | 91.2 | 49.5 |
| PbSO4(s) | -920.0 | -813.0 | 148.5 | 103.2 |
| Rb(g) | 80.9 | 53.1 | 170.1 | 20.8 |
| Rb(s) | 0 | 0 | 76.8 |
31.1 |
| RbCl(s) | -435.4 | -407.8 | 95.9 | 52.4 |
| S(g, rhombic) | 277.2 | 236.7 | 167.8 | 23.7 |
| S(s, rhombic) | 0 | 0 | 32.1 | 22.6 |
| SO2(g) | -296.8 | -300.1 | 248.2 | 39.9 |
| SO3(g) | -395.7 | -371.1 | 256.8 | 50.7 |
| SO42-(aq) | -909.3 | -744.5 | 18.5 | |
| SOCl2(g) | -212.5 | -198.3 | 309.8 | |
| Se(g, gray) | 227.1 | 187 | 176.7 | |
| Se(s, gray) | 0 | 0 | 42.4 | 25.4 |
| Si(g) | 450 | 405.5 | 168.0 | 22.3 |
| Si(s) | 0 | 0 | 18.8 | 20.0 |
| SiC(s, cubic) | -65.3 | -62.8 | 16.6 | 26.9 |
| SiC(s, hexagonal) | -62.8 | -60.2 | 16.5 | 26.7 |
| SiCl4(g) | -657.0 | -617.0 | 330.7 | |
| SiCl4(l) | -687.0 | -619.8 | 239.7 | |
| SiH4(g) | 34.3 | 56.9 | 204.6 | 42.8 |
| Sn(g, white) | 301 | 266.2 | 168.5 | 21.3 |
| Sn(s, gray) | -2.1 | 0.1 | 44.1 | 25.8 |
| Sn(s, white) | 0 | 0 | 51.2 | 27.0 |
| SnCl4(g) | -471.5 | -432.2 | 365.8 | 98.3 |
| SnCl4(l) | -511.3 | -440.1 | 258.6 | 165.3 |
| SnO2(s) | -557.6 | -515.8 | 49 | 52.6 |
| Ti(g) | 473 | 428.4 | 180.3 | 24.4 |
| Ti(s) | 0 | 0 | 30.7 | 25.1 |
| TiCl2(s) | -513.8 | -464.4 | 87.4 | 69.8 |
| TiCl3(s) | -720.9 | -653.5 | 139.7 | 97.2 |
| TiCl4(g) | -763 | -726.3 | 353 | 95.4 |
| TiCl4(l) | -804.2 | -737.2 | 252.3 | 145.2 |
| TiO2(s) | -944.0 | -888.8 | 50.6 | 55.0 |
| U(g) | 533 | 488.4 | 199.8 | 23.7 |
| U(s) | 0 | 0 | 50.2 | 27.7 |
| UF4(g) | -1598.7 | -1572.7 | 368 | 91.2 |
| UF4(s) | -1914.2 | -1823.3 | 151.7 | 116.0 |
| UF6(g) | -2147.4 | -2063.7 | 377.9 | 129.6 |
| UF6(s) | -2197.0 | -2068.5 | 227.6 | 166.8 |
| UO2(g) | -465.7 | -471.5 | 274.6 | 51.4 |
| UO2(s) | -1085.0 | -1031.8 | 77.0 | 63.6 |
| V(g) | 514.2 | 754.4 | 182.3 | 26.0 |
| V(s) | 0 | 0 | 28.9 | 24.9 |
| V2O5(s) | -1550.6 | -1419.5 | 131.0 | 127.7 |
| VCl3(s) | -580.7 | -511.2 | 131.0 | 93.2 |
| VCl4(g) | -525.5 | -492.0 | 362.4 | 96.2 |
| VCl4(l) | -569.4 | -503.7 | 255.0 | |
| Xe(g) | 0 | 0 | 169.7 | 20.8 |
| Zn(g) | 130.4 | 94.8 | 161.0 | 20.8 |
| Zn(s) | 0 | 0 | 41.6 | 25.4 |
| ZnBr2(s) | -328.7 | -312.1 | 138.5 | |
| ZnCl2(s) | -415.1 | -369.4 | 111.5 | 71.3 |
| ZnF2(s) | -764.4 | -713.3 | 73.7 | 65.7 |
| ZnI2(s) | -208.0 | -209.0 | 161.1 | |
| Zn(NO3)2(s) | -483.7 | |||
| ZnS(s, sphalerite) | -206.0 | -201.3 | 57.7 | 46.0 |
| ZnSO4(s) | -982.8 | -871.5 | 110.5 | 99.2 |
| Zr(g) | 608.8 | 566.5 | 181.4 | 26.7 |
| Zr(s) | 0 | 0 | 39 | 25.4 |
| ZrCl2(s) | -502.0 | -386 | 110 | |
| ZrCl4(s) | -980.5 | -889.9 | 181.6 | 119.8 |
For conversion of units, use the Specific heat online unit converter.
See also tabulated values of specific heat capacity of gases, food and foodstuff, metals and semimetals, common liquids and fluids, common solids, and other common substances as well as values of molar heat capacity of common organic substances.
The specific heat capacity can be calculated from the molar heat capacity, and vise versa:
cp = Cp / M and
Cp = cp . M
where
cp = specific heat capacity
Cp = molar heat capacity
M = molar weight of the actual substance (g/mol).
Related Topics
• Basics
Basic engineering data. SI-system, unit converters, physical constants, drawing scales and more.
• Material Properties
Properties of gases, fluids and solids. Densities, specific heats, viscosities and more.
• Thermodynamics
Work, heat and energy systems.
Related Documents
1st Law of Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics simply states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed (conservation of energy). Thus power generation processes and energy sources actually involve conversion of energy from one form to another, rather than creation of energy from nothing.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy and disorder.
Acetone - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of acetone, also called 2-propanone, dimethyl ketone and pyroacetic acid. Phase diagram included.
Benzene - Thermophysical properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of benzene, also called benzol. Phase diagram included.
Combustion Heat
Heat of combustion (energy content) for som common substances - with examples how to calculate heat of combustion.
Ethylene - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of ethylene, also called ethene, acetene and olefiant gas. Phase diagram included.
Heat Capacity
The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance by one degree.
Heat, Work and Energy
Heat vs. work vs. energy.
Inorganic Compounds in Water - Melting and Boiling Temperature, Density and Solubility
Physical constants for more than 280 common inorganic compounds. Density is given for the actual state at 25°C and for liquid phase at melting point temperature.
Metals - Specific Heats
Specific heat of commonly used metals like aluminum, iron, mercury and many more - imperial and SI units.
Standard enthalpy of formation, Gibbs energy of formation, entropy and molar heat capacity of organic substances
The standard enthalpy of formation, Gibbs energy of formation, entropy and molar heat capacity are tabulated for more than hundred organic substances.
Standardized Enthalpies and Entropies
Standardized enthalpies and entropies for some common substances.
Superheated Steam - Enthalpy
Enthalpy of steam superheated to temperatures above it's boiling point.
Thermodynamic Key Values Internationally Agreed
Internationally agreed, internally consistent, values for the thermodynamic properties (standard enthalpy of formation, entropy and [H°(298)-H°(0)]) of key chemical substances.
WABT - Weighted Average Bed Temperature
Definition and examples of calculation of weighted average bed temperature in adiabatic reactors.
Wet Steam - Enthalpy
Wet steam, dryness fraction and enthalpy.