W/(m K)
Temperature 25 o C (77 o F) 125 o C (257 o F) 225 o C (437 o F) Acetals 0.23 Acetals 0.23 Acetone 0.16 Acetylene (gas) 0.018 Acrylic 0.2 Air, atmosphere (gas) 0.0262 0.0333 0.0398 Air, elevation 10000 m 0.020 Agate 10.9 Alcohol 0.17 Alumina 36 26 Aluminum Aluminum Brass 121 Aluminum Oxide 30 Ammonia (gas) 0.0249 0.0369 0.0528 Antimony 18.5 Apple (85.6% moisture) 0.39 Argon (gas) 0.016 Asbestos-cement board 1) 0.744 Asbestos-cement sheets 1) 0.166 Asbestos-cement 1) 2.07 Asbestos, loosely packed 1) 0.15 Asbestos mill board 1) 0.14 Asphalt 0.75 Balsa wood 0.048 Bitumen 0.17 Bitumen/felt layers 0.5 Beef, lean (78.9 % moisture) 0.43 - 0.48 Benzene 0.16 Beryllium Bismuth 8.1 Bitumen 0.17 Blast furnace gas (gas) 0.02 Boiler scale 1.2 - 3.5 Boron 25 Brass Breeze block 0.10 - 0.20 Brick dense 1.31 Brick, fire 0.47 Brick, insulating 0.15 Brickwork, common (Building Brick) 0.6 -1.0 Brickwork, dense 1.6 Bromine (gas) 0.004 Bronze Brown iron ore 0.58 Butter (15% moisture content) 0.20 Cadmium Calcium silicate 0.05 Carbon 1.7 Carbon dioxide (gas) 0.0146 Carbon monoxide 0.0232 Cast iron Cellulose, cotton, wood pulp and regenerated 0.23 Cellulose acetate, molded, sheet
0.17 - 0.33 Cellulose nitrate, celluloid 0.12 - 0.21 Cement, Portland 0.29 Cement, mortar 1.73 Ceramic materials Chalk 0.09 Charcoal 0.084 Chlorinated poly-ether 0.13 Chlorine (gas) 0.0081 Chrome Nickel Steel 16.3 Chromium Chrom-oxide 0.42 Clay, dry to moist 0.15 - 1.8 Clay, saturated 0.6 - 2.5 Coal 0.2 Cobalt Cod (83% moisture content) 0.54 Coke 0.184 Concrete, lightweight 0.1 - 0.3 Concrete, medium 0.4 - 0.7 Concrete, dense 1.0 - 1.8 Concrete, stone 1.7 Constantan 23.3 Copper Corian (ceramic filled) 1.06 Cork board 0.043 Cork, re-granulated 0.044 Cork 0.07 Cotton 0.04 Cotton wool 0.029 Carbon Steel Cotton Wool insulation 0.029 Cupronickel 30% 30 Diamond 1000 Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-cel) 0.06 Diatomite 0.12 Duralium Earth, dry 1.5 Ebonite 0.17 Emery 11.6 Engine Oil 0.15 Ethane (gas) 0.018 Ether 0.14 Ethylene (gas) 0.017 Epoxy 0.35 Ethylene glycol 0.25 Feathers 0.034 Felt insulation 0.04 Fiberglass 0.04 Fiber insulating board 0.048 Fiber hardboard 0.2 Fire-clay brick 500 o C 1.4 Fluorine (gas) 0.0254 Foam glass 0.045 Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 (gas) 0.007 Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 (liquid) 0.09 Gasoline 0.15 Glass 1.05 Glass, Pearls, dry 0.18 Glass, Pearls, saturated 0.76 Glass, window 0.96 Glass, wool Insulation 0.04 Glycerol 0.28 Gold Granite 1.7 - 4.0 Graphite 168 Gravel 0.7 Ground or soil, very moist area 1.4 Ground or soil, moist area 1.0 Ground or soil, dry area 0.5 Ground or soil, very dry area 0.33 Gypsum board 0.17 Hairfelt 0.05 Hardboard high density 0.15 Hardwoods (oak, maple..) 0.16 Hastelloy C 12 Helium (gas) 0.142 Honey (12.6% moisture content) 0.5 Hydrochloric acid (gas) 0.013 Hydrogen (gas) 0.168 Hydrogen sulfide (gas) 0.013 Ice (0 o C, 32 o F) 2.18 Inconel 15 Ingot iron 47 - 58 Insulation materials 0.035 - 0.16 Iodine 0.44 Iridium 147 Iron Iron-oxide 0.58 Kapok insulation 0.034 Kerosene 0.15 Krypton (gas) 0.0088 Lead Leather, dry 0.14 Limestone 1.26 - 1.33 Lithium Magnesia insulation (85%) 0.07 Magnesite 4.15 Magnesium Magnesium alloy 70 - 145 Marble 2.08 - 2.94 Mercury, liquid Methane (gas) 0.030 Methanol 0.21 Mica 0.71 Milk 0.53 Mineral wool insulation materials, wool blankets .. 0.04 Molybdenum Monel Neon (gas) 0.046 Neoprene 0.05 Nickel Nitric oxide (gas) 0.0238 Nitrogen (gas) 0.024 Nitrous oxide (gas) 0.0151 Nylon 6, Nylon 6/6 0.25 Oil, machine lubricating SAE 50 0.15 Olive oil 0.17 Oxygen (gas) 0.024 Palladium 70.9 Paper 0.05 Paraffin Wax 0.25 Peat 0.08 Perlite, atmospheric pressure 0.031 Perlite, vacuum 0.00137 Phenolic cast resins 0.15 Phenol-formaldehyde moulding compounds 0.13 - 0.25 Phosphorbronze 110 Pinchbeck 159 Pitch 0.13 Pit coal 0.24 Plaster light 0.2 Plaster, metal lath 0.47 Plaster, sand 0.71 Plaster, wood lath 0.28 Plasticine 0.65 - 0.8 Plastics, foamed (insulation materials) 0.03 Platinum Plutonium Plywood 0.13 Polycarbonate 0.19 Polyester 0.05 Polyethylene low density, PEL 0.33 Polyethylene high density, PEH 0.42 - 0.51 Polyisoprene natural rubber 0.13 Polyisoprene hard rubber 0.16 Polymethylmethacrylate 0.17 - 0.25 Polypropylene, PP 0.1 - 0.22 Polystyrene, expanded 0.03 Polystyrol 0.043 Polyurethane foam 0.03 Porcelain 1.5 Potassium 1 Potato, raw flesh 0.55 Propane (gas) 0.015 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 0.25 Polyvinylchloride, PVC 0.19 Pyrex glass 1.005 Quartz mineral 3 Radon (gas) 0.0033 Red metal Rhenium Rhodium Rock, solid 2 - 7 Rock, porous volcanic (Tuff) 0.5 - 2.5 Rock Wool insulation 0.045 Rosin 0.32 Rubber, cellular 0.045 Rubber, natural 0.13 Rubidium Salmon (73% moisture content) 0.50 Sand, dry 0.15 - 0.25 Sand, moist 0.25 - 2 Sand, saturated 2 - 4 Sandstone 1.7 Sawdust 0.08 Selenium Sheep wool 0.039 Silica aerogel 0.02 Silicon cast resin 0.15 - 0.32 Silicon carbide 120 Silicon oil 0.1 Silver Slag wool 0.042 Slate 2.01 Snow (temp < 0 o C) 0.05 - 0.25 Sodium Softwoods (fir, pine ..) 0.12 Soil, clay 1.1 Soil, with organic matter 0.15 - 2 Soil, saturated 0.6 - 4 Solder 50-50
50 Soot
0.07 Steam, saturated
0.0184 Steam, low pressure 0.0188 Steatite 2 Steel, Carbon Steel, Stainless Straw slab insulation, compressed 0.09 Styrofoam 0.033 Sulfur dioxide (gas) 0.0086 Sulfur, crystal 0.2 Sugars 0.087 - 0.22 Tantalum Tar 0.19 Tellurium 4.9 Thorium Timber, alder 0.17 Timber, ash 0.16 Timber, birch 0.14 Timber, larch 0.12 Timber, maple 0.16 Timber, oak 0.17 Timber, pitchpine 0.14 Timber, pockwood 0.19 Timber, red beech 0.14 Timber, red pine 0.15 Timber, white pine 0.15 Timber, walnut 0.15 Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Urethane foam 0.021 Vacuum 0 Vermiculite granules 0.065 Vinyl ester 0.25 Water 0.606 Water, vapor (steam) 0.0267 0.0359 Wheat flour 0.45 White metal 35 - 70 Wood across the grain, white pine 0.12 Wood across the grain, balsa 0.055 Wood across the grain, yellow pine, timber 0.147 Wood, oak 0.17 Wool, felt 0.07 Wood wool, slab 0.1 - 0.15 Xenon (gas) 0.0051 Zinc 1) Asbestos is bad for human health when the tiny abrasive fibers are inhaled into the lungs where they can damage the lung tissue. This seems to be exacerbated by cigarette smoking and the resulting diseases are mesothelioma and lung cancer.
Example - Conductive Heat Transfer through an Aluminum Pot versus a Stainless Steel Pot
The conductive heat transfer through a pot wall can be calculated as
q = (k / s) A dT (1)
or alternatively
q / A = (k / s) dT
where
q = heat transfer (W, Btu/h)
A = surface area (m 2 , ft 2 )
q / A = heat transfer per unit area (W/m 2 , Btu/(h ft 2 ))
k = thermal conductivity (W/mK, Btu/(hr ft °F))
dT = t 1 - t 2 = temperature difference ( o C, o F)
s = wall thickness (m, ft)
Conductive Heat Transfer Calculator
k = thermal conductivity (W/mK, Btu/(hr ft °F))
s = wall thickness (m, ft)
A = surface area (m 2 , ft 2 )
dT = t 1 - t 2 = temperature difference ( o C, o F)
Note! - that the overall heat transfer through a surface is determined by the " overall heat transfer coefficient " - which in addition to conductive heat transfer - depends on
Conductive Heat Transfer through an Aluminum Pot Wall with thickness 2 mm - temperature difference 80 o C Thermal conductivity for aluminum is 215 W/(m K) (from the table above). Conductive heat transfer per unit area can be calculated as
q / A = [(215 W/(m K)) / (2 10 -3 m)] (80 o C)
= 86 00000 (W/m 2 )
= 8600 (kW/m 2 )
Conductive Heat Transfer through a Stainless Steel Pot Wall with thickness 2 mm - temperature difference 80 o C Thermal conductivity for stainless steel is 17 W/(m K) (from the table above). Conductive heat transfer per unit area can be calculated as
q / A = [(17 W/(m K)) / (2 10 -3 m)] (80 o C)
= 680000 (W/m 2 )
= 680 (kW/m 2 )
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