Steam and Vapor Enthalpy

When a liquid evaporates its go through a process where

• the liquid heats up to the evaporation temperature
• the liquid evaporate at the evaporation temperature by changing state from fluid to gas
• the vapor heats above the evaporation temperature - super-heating

The heat transferred to a substance when temperature changes is often referred to as sensible heat . The heat required for changing state as evaporation is referred to as latent heat of evaporation .

The most common vapor is evaporated water - steam or moist.

Enthalpy

Enthalpy of a system is defined as the mass of the system - m - multiplied by the specific enthalpy - h - of the system and can be expressed as:

H = m h (1)

where

H = enthalpy (kJ)

m = mass (kg)

h = specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)

Specific Enthalpy

Specific enthalpy is a property of the fluid and can be expressed as:

h = u + p v (2)

where

u = internal energy (kJ/kg)

p = absolute pressure (N/m ² )

v = specific volume (m ³ /kg)

Part of the water vapor - steam - properties can be expressed in a table as:

For full table with Enthalpy and Entropy - rotate the screen!

• s is the steam entropy
• suffix - f - referrer to saturated liquid
• suffix - g - referrer to saturated vapor - steam

Internal energy - u - can be calculated from (2) and is often omitted in tables. v _f - change very little and is also often omitted.

• ¹⁾ referrer to absolute vacuum.
• ²⁾ referrer to water boiling at standard atmosphere.
• ^{3 )} referrer to water critical point. For pressures above the critical point there is no definite transition from liquid to vapor.

Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Water

Specific enthalpy of saturated water - h _f - can be obtained from tables as above. The value depends on the pressure.

For saturated water at standard atmosphere - ²⁾ -the specific enthalpy - h _f - is 419 kJ/kg . At standard atmosphere - 1 bar (14.7 psi) - water starts boiling at 100 ^o C (212 ^o F).

The specific enthalpy of water (in SI units) can be calculated from:

h _f = c _w (t _f - t ₀ ) (3)

where

h _f = enthalpy of water (kJ/kg)

c _w = specific heat water (4.19 kJ/kg. ^o C)

t _f = saturation temperature ( ^o C)

t ₀ = refer temperature = 0 ( ^o C)

Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Steam

Specific enthalpy of saturated steam - h _g - can be obtained from tables as above. The value depends on the pressure.

For saturated steam at standard atmosphere - ²⁾ - the specific enthalpy - h _g - is 2676 kJ/kg .

The specific enthalpy of evaporation can be calculated from:

h _e = h _g - h _f (4)

where

h _e = specific evaporation enthalpy (kJ/kg)

Specific evaporation enthalpy for water at standard atmosphere is:

h _e = (2676 kJ/kg) - (419 kJ/kg)

= 2257 (kJ/kg)

Example - Energy to Evaporate Water

The energy to evaporate a certain amount of water can be calculated as

Q = h _e m                                              (4b)

where

Q = evaporation energy (kJ)

m = mass of water (kg)

The energy to evaporate 5 kg of water at atmospheric pressure can be calculated as

Q = ( 2257 kJ/kg) ( 5 kg )

= 11285 kJ

Specific Enthalpy of Superheated Steam

The specific enthalpy of superheated steam can be calculated from:

h _s = h _g + c _ps (t _s - t _f ) (5)

where

h _s = enthalpy of superheated steam (kJ/kg)

c _ps = specific heat of steam at constant pressure = 1.860 (kJ/kg ^o C)

t _f = saturation temperature ( ^o C)

t _s = superheated steam temperature ( ^o C)

c _ps = 1.860 (kJ/kg ^o C) at standard atmosphere. Be aware that c _ps varies with temperature.

Common Units for Specific Enthalpy

• 1 kJ/kg = 1000 J/kg
• 1 erg/g = 1E-4 J/kg
• 1 Btu/lbm = 2326 J/kg
• 1 cal/g = 4184 J/kg

Temperature ^oC
K
^oF

Length m
km
in
ft
yards
miles
naut miles

Area m²
km²
in²
ft²
miles²
acres

Volume m³
liters
in³
ft³
us gal

Weight kg_f
N
lbf

Velocity m/s
km/h
ft/min
ft/s
mph
knots

Pressure Pa
bar
mm H₂O
kg/cm²
psi
inches H₂O

Flow m³/s
m³/h
US gpm
cfm