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Steels - Endurance Limits and Fatigue Stress

Endurance limits and fatigue stress for steels.

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Fatigue - when a material is subjected to repeated cycles of stress or strain and its structure breaks down and ultimately leads to fracture
Creep - when a material is subjected to a load for a very long time it may continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs

Fatigue

Fractures due to fatigue is common in cyclic loaded parts like connected rods, crankshafts, turbine blades, railroad wheels and so on. Fractures occur at stress less than the material Yield Stress.

Yield strength is defined in engineering as the amount of stress (Yield point) that a material can undergo before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation.

Most steels have an endurance or fatigue limit about half the Tensile Strength.

Tensile Strength - (Ultimate Tensile Strength) - of a material is the limit stress at which the material actually breaks, with sudden release of the stored elastic energy.

Steel	BS	Treatment	Tensile Strength - σ_u - (MPa) Load Calculator!	Endurance Limit - σ_e - (MPa) Load Calculator!	σ_e/ σ_u
0.4% Carbon	BS970 080M40	Normalized	540	270	0.5
0.4% Carbon	BS970 080M40	Hardened and tempered	700	340	0.49
Carbon, manganese	BS970 150M19	Normalized	540	250	0.46
Carbon, manganese	BS970 150M19	Hardened and tempered	700	325	0.53
3% Chrome molybdenum	BS970 709M40	Hardened and tempered	1000	480	0.48
Spring steel	BS970 735A50	Hardened and tempered	1500	650	0.43
18.8 Stainless		Cold rolled	1200	490	0.41

1 MPa = 10⁶ Pa = 1 N/mm²= 145.0 psi (lbf/in²)
Fatigue limit, endurance limit, and fatigue strength are used to describe the amplitude (or range) of cyclic stress that can be applied to the material without causing fatigue failure.

Creep

The time dependent deformation due to heavy load over time is known as creep.

In general both stress and temperature influence on the rate of creep.Normally creep strength decreases with temperature.

Allowable creep strain can be specified - typical 0.1 %/year for steel bolts and piping

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Related Topics

Mechanics - Forces, acceleration, displacement, vectors, motion, momentum, energy of objects and more.
Statics - Loads - forces and torque, beams and columns.

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