Control Valves - Cavitation

According the Bernoulli equation - when a fluid pass a valve seat and the fluid velocity increase - the fluid pressure decrease.

Cavitation

If the speed through the valve is increases enough, the pressure in the fluid drops to a level where the fluid may start to boil, bubble or flash. And when the pressure recovers sufficiently the bubbles will collapse upon themselves. This collapse causes cavitation.

Cavitation may be noisy but is usually of low intensity and low frequency. This situation is extremely destructive and may wear out the trim and body parts of a valve in short time.

• Cavitation Number - introduction and definition of the Cavitation Number
• Cavitation - an Introduction

Application Ratio

A common way to characterize potential cavitation condition is the "applications ratio" (or "the incipient cavitation index") which can be expressed as

AR = p_i - p_o / (p_i - p_v)                                (1)

where

AR = Application Ratio

p_i = inlet pressure, absolute

p_o = outlet pressure, absolute

p_v = vapor pressure of the fluid, absolute

For application ratios above 1 - the fluid flashes. This is not the same as cavitation, but the closer the ratio is to 1, the higher is the potential for cavitation.

Note! - the risk of cavitation increases with fluid temperature.

Example - Flashing Water

If we know the boiling point and the absolute pressure of a fluid (Steam Table with saturated steam properties) the minimum outlet pressure from a valve to avoid flashing can be calculated.

For an application ratio like one (AR = 1), equation (1) can modified to

AR = 1

    = p_i - p_o / (p_i - p_v)

or transformed to

p_o = p_v

Using the "Steam Table" with saturated steam properties we can conclude that

• for a water temperature of 17.51 ^oC and absolute inlet pressure of 1 bar - the minimum outlet pressure is 0.02 bar to avoid flashing
• for a water temperature of 81.35 ^oC and absolute inlet pressure of 1 bar - the minimum outlet pressure is 0.5 bar to avoid flashing
• For a water temperature of 99.63 ^oC and absolute inlet pressure of 1 bar - the minimum outlet pressure is 1 bar to avoid flashing

Note! Flashing is not the same as cavitation. Due to local conditions in a valve cavitation may start on much higher outlet pressures.

Multi Stage Control Valves

Cavitation can be avoided by using more than one control valve or more convenient - a multistage control valve.

As illustrated above the "vena contracta" is much lower in a single stage valve than in a multi stage valve. Depending on the pressure drop and the temperature of the fluid its possible to avoid cavitation conditions using more than one stage in a valve.

Temperature ^oC
K
^oF

Length m
km
in
ft
yards
miles
naut miles

Area m²
km²
in²
ft²
miles²
acres

Volume m³
liters
in³
ft³
us gal

Weight kg_f
N
lbf

Velocity m/s
km/h
ft/min
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mph
knots

Pressure Pa
bar
mm H₂O
kg/cm²
psi
inches H₂O

Flow m³/s
m³/h
US gpm
cfm