Geological Time

Geological periods and time scale.

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Periode - Epoch			Beginning - End (10⁶ years)
Cenozoic era
	Quaternary	Holocene	0 - 0.0115
	Quaternary	Pleistocene	0.0115 - 1.81	Homo erectus - the evolution of anatomically modern humans
	Tertiary	Pliocene	1.81 - 5.3	The first recognizable hominins, the australopithecines, appeared
		Mioscene	5.3 - 23	Origin of grass
		Oligoscene	23 - 34	Rise of cats, dogs, pigs
		Eoscene	34 - 56	Hoofed animals
		Paleoscene	56 - 65	Primates
Mesozoic era	Cretaceous		645 - 145	Demise of dinosaurs
	Jurassic		145 - 200	First birds
	Triassic		200 - 251	Many major groups of dinosaurs emerged
Paleozoic era	Permian		251 - 299	Flowers, insect polination
	Carboniferous		299 - 359	First conifers
	Devonian		359 - 416	First vertebrates ashore
	Silurian		416 - 444	Spore-bearing plants
	Ordovician		444 - 488	Vertebrates appear
	Cambrian		488 - 542	Most animal life aquatic
Pre-Cambrian	Pre-cambrian III (Proterozoic)		542 - 2500	The first advanced single-celled, eukaryotes and multi-cellular life, first plant, jellyfish
	Pre-Cambrian II (Archean)		2500 - 3850	Photosyntetic bacteria
	Pre-Cambrian I (Hadean)		3850 - 4600	Earth formed 4600 million years ago

Minerals - Densities - Densities of minerals.
Minerals and other Materials - Specific Gravities - Specific gravities for minerals and other materials.
Soil - Water Content - Water or moisture content in soil.
Soil and Rock - Bulk Factors - Soil and rock expansion - or swell - after mining.
Yield structure of crude oils with increasing density of crude - Yields of different crude oil distillation cuts are plotted as function of whole crude specific gravity. Fractions based on European and North American markets, and the typical differences in crude oil fractionation in the two markets are also shown.