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Traction Effort
Adhesion and tractive effort
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Tractive effort from a car wheel can be expressed as
F = μt W
= μt m g (1)
where
F = traction effort (N)
μt = adhesion coefficient
W = weight on the wheel (N)
m = mass on the wheel (kg)
g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2)
Adhesion Coefficients
| Surface | Adhesion Coefficient - μt - |
| Wet Ice | 0.1 |
| Dry Ice | 0.2 |
| Loose Sand | 0.3 - 0.4 |
| Dry Clay | 0.5 - 0.6 |
| Wet rolled Gravel | 0.3 - 0.5 |
| Dry rolled Gravel | 0.6 - 0.7 |
| Wet Asphalt | 0.4 - 0.7 |
| Wet Concrete | 0.4 - 0.7 |
| Dry Asphalt | 0.4 - 0.7 |
| Dry Concrete | 0.4 - 0.7 |
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