Flow of Liquids from Containers

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Base Apertures

Outlet velocity cab be expressed as

v = C_v (2 g H )^1/2    (1a)

where

v = outlet velocity (m/s)

C_v = velocity coefficient (water 0.97)

g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s²

H = height (m)

Volume flow can be expressed as

V = C_d A (2 g H)^1/2    (1b)

where

V = volume flow (m³/s)

C_d = dischare coefficient

where

C_d = C_c C_v 

where

C_c = contraction coefficient (sharp edge apperture 0.62, well rounded apperture 0.97)

Small Lateral Appertures

Outlet velocity can be expressed as

v = C_v (2 g H)^1/2    (2a)

Distance s can be expressed as

s = 2 (H h)^1/2     (2b)

Volume flow can be expressed as

V = C_d A (2 g H)^1/2     (2c)

Reaction force can be expressed as

F = ρ V v      (2d)

where

ρ = density (kg/m³)  (water 1000 kg/m³)

Large Lateral Apertures

Volume flow can be expressed as

V = 2/3 C_d b (2 g)^1/2 (H₂^3/2 - H₁^3/2)     (3a)

where

b = width of aperture (m)

Excess Pressure in Container

Outlet velocity can be expressed as

v = C_v (2 (g H + p / ρ))^1/2     (4a)

where

p = excess pressure in container or tank (N/m², Pa)

Volume flow can be expressed as

V = C_d A (2 (g H + p / ρ))^1/2     (4b)

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Related Topics

• Fluid Mechanics - The study of fluids - liquids and gases. Involves various properties of the fluid, such as velocity, pressure, density and temperature, as functions of space and time.

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